intshayelelo
Ukuqinisekisa nokugcina umdla wamaAfrikaner yayiyeyona njongo iphambili ye-National Party (NP) xa yonyulwayo ukuba ilawule eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1948. Emva koMgaqo-siseko ka-1961, owahlutha abantu abamnyama baseMzantsi Afrika amalungelo abo okuvota, i-National Party yagcina ulawulo lwayo. UMzantsi Afrika ngocalucalulo.
Ubutshaba nobundlobongela zazixhaphakile ngexesha lengcinezelo. Imibutho echasene nocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika iye yaphembelela ukuba kubekho izohlwayo kumazwe ngamazwe kurhulumente wama-Afrikaner emva kweSibhicongo saseSharpeville ngo-1960, nesakhokelela ekuswelekeni kwabaqhankqalazi abangama-69 (iMbali yoMzantsi Afrika kwi-Intanethi).
Ucalucalulo lwalungazimeli ngokwaneleyo iimfuno zamaBhulu, ngokutsho kwamaBhulu amaninzi awayethandabuza ukuzibophelela kweNP ekuyigcineni. Abemi boMzantsi Afrika bazibiza ngokuba ngamaBhulu ngokobuhlanga nangokwezopolitiko. AmaBhulu, okuthetha ukuthi 'amafama,' ayekwabizwa ngokuba ngamaBhulu de kwasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950.
Afrikaner Nationalism Isincoko esipheleleyo
Nangona zineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo, la magama ayatshintshatshintsha. Iqela leSizwe lalimele yonke imidla yoMzantsi Afrika phambi koCalucalulo njengeqela elichasa impiriyali yaseBritane. Ngoko ke, abantu belizwe bafuna ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo eBritani kungekhona nje kwezopolitiko (White), kodwa nakwezoqoqosho (Autarky) kunye nenkcubeko (Davenport).
Abemi baseAfrika, abantsundu, abebala, namaIndiya yayizezona zizwe ziphambili eMzantsi Afrika ebudeni beli xesha. Ngelo xesha, udidi olulawulayo lwaluqulunqwe ngabantu abamhlophe abathetha isiBhulu: babebanga ukuba abantsundu kunye nabebala baziswa emsebenzini ngokungazikhethelanga ngexesha le-settler-colonialism, ngoko babengenambali okanye inkcubeko. Ngoko ke, ubuzwe bamaAfrikaner busebenze njengengcamango yogcino (Davenport) kwilifa lemveli labamhlophe.
Imbali yoMzantsi Afrika
Ukwanda kwentatho-nxaxheba yabantu baseIndiya kurhulumente nakwezopolitiko kubonisa ukuba ubuzwe bama-Afrikaner bubandakanya ngakumbi njengoko amaIndiya ebonwa njengabemi boMzantsi Afrika.
Ngexesha localucalulo, abantu abamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika babethetha isiBhulu, ulwimi olwaluphuma kwisiDatshi. Njengolwimi olusemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika, isiBhunu iye yaba ligama elixhaphakileyo ukuchaza zombini uhlanga nolwimi lwalo.
Ulwimi lwesiBhulu lwaphuhliswa ngabantu abamhlophe abahluphekayo njengenye indlela yolwimi oluqhelekileyo lwesiDatshi. IsiBhulu asizange sifundiswe abantu abantsundu ngexesha lengcinezelo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba sibizwe ngokuba sisiBhulu endaweni yesiBhulu.
Iqela le-Het Volk (i-Norden) yasekwa ngu-DF Malan njengomanyano phakathi kwamaqela ase-Afrikaner, afana ne-Afrikaner bond kunye ne-Het Volk. I-United Party (UP) yasekwa ngu-JBM Hertzog ngo-1939 emva kokuba eqhawuke kwiphiko lakhe elikhululekileyo ukuze enze oorhulumente abathathu beNP abalandelelanayo ukusuka ku-1924 ukuya ku-1939.
Abantu abaNtsundu baseMzantsi Afrika baphenjelelwa ngempumelelo ngamalungelo angakumbi ngeli xesha yiqela eliphikisayo i-United Party, eyathi yaphelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zempembelelo ezaziwa ngokuba yiGrand Apartheid, nto leyo ethetha ukuba abamhlophe babenokulawula into eyenziwa ngabantu abamnyama kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala ezicandekileyo (Norden).
Umbutho weSizwe
Abemi boMzantsi Afrika bahlelwa ngokweentlanga ngokwenkangeleko yabo nakwimeko yentlalo-qoqosho phantsi koMthetho woBhaliso lwabemi owamiselwa yiNP emva kokoyisa i-United Party ngo-1994. Ukuze wakhe isiseko esiluqilima senkxaso yombutho wayo wezopolitiko, iNP yazimanya. imikhosi kunye ne-Afrikanerbond kunye ne-Het Volk.
Yasekwa ngo-1918 ukujongana ne-inferiority complexs edalwe yi-imperialism yaseBritani (i-Norden) phakathi kwama-Afrikaner "ngokulawula kunye nokukhusela" kubo. Yayingabantu abamhlophe kuphela abazibandakanya ne-Afrikaner bond kuba babenomdla kuphela kwiminqweno ekwabelwana ngayo: ulwimi, inkcubeko, kunye nokuzimela kwezopolitiko kwiBritish.
IsiBhulu samkelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1925 yiAfrikaner bond, eyaseka iAfrikaanse Taal-en Kultuurvereniging. Kwakhona, i-NP yaqala ukuxhasa imisebenzi yenkcubeko efana neekonsathi kunye namaqela olutsha ukwenzela ukuzisa ama-Afrikaner phantsi kwebhena enye (i-Hankins) kwaye ibahlanganisele kuluntu lwenkcubeko.
Kwakukho amaqela ngaphakathi kweQela leSizwe elalisekelwe kwiyantlukwano yeklasi yentlalo-qoqosho, kunokuba ibe ngumbutho we-monolithic: amanye amalungu aqaphela ukuba adinga inkxaso ephantsi kakhulu ukuze aphumelele unyulo luka-1948.
Unokufunda nezinye izincoko ezikhankanywe ngezantsi kwiwebhusayithi yethu simahla,
Isizwe samaAfrikaner
Ngokukhuthaza ubuzwe bobuKrestu kubemi boMzantsi Afrika, iNational Party yakhuthaza abemi ukuba bahloniphe kunokuba boyike iyantlukwano yabo, ngoko ke bafumana iivoti kumaAfrikaners (Norden). Ingcamango inokuthi igqalwe njengobuhlanga njengoko kungekho ukulingana phakathi kweentlanga; kunoko, yayikhuthaza ukulawula ummandla owabelwe abantsundu ngaphandle kokuwadibanisa kwamanye amaqela.
Ngenxa yocalucalulo, abahlali abantsundu nabamhlophe bacalulwa ngokwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yokuba abamhlophe babekwazi ukufumana izindlu ezingcono, izikolo, kunye namathuba okukhenketha, ucalucalulo lwaba yinkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho eyayithanda abamhlophe abazizityebi (Norden).
Ngokufumana ivoti yabemi bamaAfrikaner ngo-1948, iNational Party yathatha kancinane ukulawula nangona yayichaswa kwangethuba kwi-Apartheid. Baseka ngokusemthethweni ucalucalulo kunyaka omnye emva kokuphumelela unyulo, njengomthetho wembumba ovumela abantu abamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kumelo lwezopolitiko ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota (Hankins).
Ngeminyaka yee-1950, phantsi kweNkulumbuso uGqr. Ngokususa isiNgesi endaweni yesiBhulu ezikolweni nakwii-ofisi zikarhulumente, uHendrik Verwoerd wahlahl’ indlela yokuphuhliswa kwenkcubeko yamaAfrikaner apho abantu abamhlophe babebhiyozela iiyantlukwano zabo kunokuba bazifihle (Norden).
Ikhadi lokuzazisa elisisinyanzelo nalo lakhutshwa yiNP kwabantsundu ngawo onke amaxesha. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwephepha-mvume elisemthethweni, abazange bavunyelwe ukuba baphume kummandla ababewunyuliwe.
Inkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo yenzelwe ukulawula intshukumo yabantsundu ngamapolisa amhlophe, ebangela ukuba abantu bomthonyama boyike ukuhamba kwiindawo ezibekelwe ezinye iintlanga (eNorden). Ngenxa yokwala kukaNelson Mandela ukuthobela ulawulo lwabamhlophe abambalwa, iANC yakhe yazibandakanya kwimibutho echasene nocalucalulo.
Ngokusekwa kweebantustans, umbutho wesizwe wagcina intlupheko yase-Afrika kwaye wanqanda nenkululeko yayo. Nangona behlala kwindawo ehlwempuzekileyo yelizwe, abantu base-Afrika esezantsi kwafuneka bahlawule irhafu kurhulumente omhlophe (i-Norden) kuba i-bantustans yayiyimihlaba eyayigcinelwe ngokukodwa abemi abamnyama.
Njengenxalenye yemigaqo-nkqubo yeNP, abantu abantsundu kwakufuneka baphathe izazisi. Ngale ndlela, amapolisa aye akwazi ukujonga intshukumo yawo aze ababambe ukuba bangene kwindawo echongiweyo yolunye uhlanga. “Imikhosi yezokhuseleko” yathimba iilokishi apho abantu abantsundu babeqhankqalaza impatho engafanelekanga karhulumente baze babanjwe okanye babulawe.
Ngaphandle kokwalelwa ukumelwa ePalamente, abemi abantsundu bafumana iinkonzo ezimbalwa kakhulu zemfundo nezonyango kunabamhlophe (Hankins). UNelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala woMzantsi Afrika onedemokhrasi ngokupheleleyo ngo-1994 emva kokuba iNP yalawula ngexesha localucalulo eMzantsi Afrika ukusuka ngo-1948 ukuya ku-1994.
Uninzi lwamalungu eNP yayingamaAfrikaner awayekholelwa ukuba impiriyali yaseBritane "yalonakalisa" ilizwe labo emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngenxa yama impiriyali aseBritane (Walsh). Kwakhona, i-National Party yasebenzisa i-'Christian Nationalism' ukuphumelela iivoti zabantu baseAfrikaner ngokuthi uThixo wadala iintlanga zehlabathi kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka zihlonishwe kunokuba zoyike (Norden).
Noko ke, le ngcamango yayinokugqalwa njengobuhlanga ekubeni yayingakuqondi ukulingana phakathi kweentlanga; yathetha nje ukuba abantsundu kufuneka bahlale bezimele phakathi kwemimandla ababelwe yona kunokuba badityaniswe nabanye. Ngenxa yolawulo olupheleleyo lweNP kwiPalamente, aBemi abantsundu abazange bayibethe ngoyaba intswela-bulungisa yocalucalulo kodwa babengenawo amandla okuyilungisa.
Ngenxa ye-impiriyali yaseBritane emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi yokuqala, amaBhulu ayeyixhasa kakhulu i-National Party. Lo mbutho ubufuna ukudala inkcubeko eyahlukileyo apho abamhlophe babeza kuba noxanduva kurhulumente kuphela. Umyili wocalucalulo uGqirha Hendrik Verwoerd wakhuthaza ucalucalulo olukhulu phakathi kwabantsundu nabamhlophe ngexesha lobuNkulumbuso bakhe phakathi kuka-1948 no-1952.
IiNordics zazikholelwa ukuba iyantlukwano kufuneka yamkelwe endaweni yokuba yoyike kuba kukho iyantlukwano engalungisekiyo apho iqela elinye liya kuhlala lilawula. Nangona uHankins ecebise ukuba abemi abantsundu bahlale kwi-bantustans zabo endaweni yokudibanisa nezinye iinkcubeko (Hankins), woyisakala ukuwaqaphela la maqela 'angenakulungelelana' njengalinganayo.
Ukongeza ekufuneni ukuba abantu abantsundu baphathe izazisi, iNP yawisa imithetho yokwenza oko. Amapolisa akwazi ukujonga ukuhamba kwawo ngokulula ngakumbi ngenxa yoko. Ukuba babanjwe benqumla kwindawo eyenzelwe olunye uhlanga, babebanjwa.
UNelson Mandela wonyulwa njengomongameli wokuqala omnyama eMzantsi Afrika (Norden) ngomhla wama-27 kuTshazimpuzi ka-1994, ephawula ukuphela kocalucalulo. Kwintetho yakhe emva kokuba ngumongameli, uMandela wachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba akananjongo yokujongela phantsi amaBhulu. Endaweni yoko wazama ukuphucula imiba elungileyo ngelixa elungisa “izinto ezinganqweneleki kangako kwimbali yeAfrikaner” (Hendricks).
Xa kufikwa kwizono zocalucalulo, wayethethela iNyaniso noXolelwaniso endaweni yokuziphindezela, evumela onke amacala ukuba axoxe ngento eyenzekileyo ngaphandle koloyiko lokohlwaywa okanye impindezelo.
UMandela, owancedisa ekudaleni urhulumente omtsha we-ANC emva kokuba ephulukene nolonyulo, akazange ayichithe iNP koko wakhuthaza uxolelwaniso phakathi kwamaBhulu nabangengawo amaBhulu ngokuzisa inkcubeko nezithethe zamaAfrikaner phambili kuxolelwaniso lobuhlanga.
Ngaphandle kobuhlanga babo, abemi boMzantsi Afrika bakwazile ukubukela imidlalo yombhoxo kunye kuba lo mdlalo waba yinto edibanisa isizwe. ABemi abantsundu ababedlala imidlalo babukela umabonakude, befunda namaphephandaba ngaphandle koloyiko lokutshutshiswa yayilithemba likaNelson Mandela kubo (Norden).
Ucalucalulo lwapheliswa ngo-1948, kodwa amaBhulu awazange apheliswe ngokupheleleyo. Nangona imidlalo yeentlanga ezahlukeneyo ayithethi ukuba iNP ayisalawuli ilizwe, izisa ithemba kwizizukulwana zoMzantsi Afrika ezizayo ukuba zikwazi ukuxolelana nexesha lazo langaphambili endaweni yokuhlala ngoloyiko.
Abantsundu boMzantsi Afrika abafane bacinge ukuba abamhlophe njengabacinezeli kuba bona babandakanyeka kakhulu kwinkcubeko yamaAfrikaner. Xa uMandela ephumile esikhundleni, kuya kuba lula ukufikelela uxolo phakathi kwabantsundu nabamhlophe. Iinjongo zokwakha ubudlelwane obungcono phakathi kweentlanga kubaluleke kakhulu ngoku kunangaphambili, njengoko uNelson Mandela eza kuthatha umhlala phantsi ngomhla we-16 kweyeSilimela ngo-1999.
Phantsi kolawulo lukaNelson Mandela, amaBhulu aphinda aziva ekhululekile ngewonga lawo ekuhlaleni kuba urhulumente wabamhlophe wangeniswa kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Umongameli uJacob Zuma uphantse waphinda wonyulwa kwisikhundla esiphezulu soMzantsi Afrika ngo-21 njengenkokeli ye-ANC (eNorden).
Isiphelo,
Kuba iNP yayinamagunya amaninzi asekelwe kwinkxaso yabavoti abangamaBhulu, bakwazi ukugcina ulawulo lwePalamente de baphulukane nolonyulo lwabo; ngoko, abamhlophe babenexhala lokuba ukuvotela omnye umbutho kuya kukhokelela kulawulo oluthe kratya lwabantsundu, nto leyo eyayiza kukhokelela ekuphulukaneni nelungelo labamhlophe ngenxa yeenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuba bavotele elinye iqela.