ziviso
Kuvimbisa nekuchengetedza zvido zveAfricaner ndicho chaiva chinangwa chikuru cheNational Party (NP) payakasarudzwa kutonga muSouth Africa muna 1948. Mushure meBumbiro reMitemo ra1961, iro rakatorera vatema vekuSouth Africa kodzero dzavo dzekuvhota, National Party yakaramba ichitonga. South Africa kuburikidza neApartheid chaiyo.
Ruvengo nemhirizhonga zvakanga zvakajairika munguva yeApartheid. Mapato eAnti-Apartheid muSouth Africa akakurudzira kuti nyika dzitemerwe zvirango kuhurumende yeAfricaner zvichitevera Kuurayiwa kweSharpeville muna 1960, uko kwakakonzera kufa kwevaratidziri vechitema makumi matanhatu nevapfumbamwe (South African History Online).
Rusaruraganda rwakanga rusingamiriri zvakaringana zvido zvevaAfrikaners, sekureva kwevaAfrikaners vazhinji vaibvunza kuzvipira kweNP kuichengeta. MaSouth Africa anozviti maAfrikaner zvese zvemadzinza nezvematongerwo enyika. Mabhunu, zvinoreva kuti 'varimi,' vainziwo maAfrikaner kusvika mukupera kwema1950.
Afrikaner Nationalism Nyaya Yakazara
Kunyangwe iwo aine zvirevo zvakasiyana, mazwi aya anogona kuchinjika. Bato reNational Party raimiririra zvido zvese zvemuSouth Africa pamberi peApartheid sebato raipokana neBritish imperialism. Naizvozvo, vezvematongerwo enyika vakatsvaga rusununguko rwakakwana kubva kuBritain kwete mune zvematongerwo enyika (White), asiwo mune zvehupfumi (Autarky) uye netsika (Davenport).
Afro-Africa, vatema, vatema, uye maIndia akanga ari mapoka mana makuru edzinza muSouth Africa mukati meiyi nhambo yenguva. Panguva iyoyo, boka raitonga rakanga rakaumbwa nevachena vaitaura Afrikaans: vaiti vatema nevatema vakaunzwa kuti vashande vasingadi panguva yevatorwa-vakoloni, saka vakanga vasina nhoroondo kana tsika. Nokudaro, Afrikaner nationalism yakashanda sepfungwa yekuchengetedza (Davenport) yevachena nhaka.
Nhoroondo yeSouth Africa
Kuwedzera kutora chikamu kwevanhu veIndia muhurumende nezvematongerwo enyika kunoratidza kuti Afrikaner nationalism iri kuwedzera kubatanidza sezvo maIndia achizivikanwa sevanhu vekuSouth Africa.
Munguva yerusaruraganda, vachena vokuSouth Africa vaitaura Afrikaans, mutauro wakabva muchiDutch. Semutauro wepamutemo weSouth Africa, Afrikaner rave izwi rinowanzozivikanwa kutsanangura ese madzinza nemutauro waro.
Mutauro wechiAfrikaans wakagadzirwa nevachena varombo seimwe nzira yemutauro weDutch wakajairika. Afrikaans yakanga isingadzidziswe kuvanhu vatema munguva yeApartheid, izvo zvakaita kuti ishevedzwe zita rekuti Afrikaner pachinzvimbo cheAfrikaans.
Bato reHet Volk (Norden) rakavambwa naDF Malan semubatanidzwa pakati pemapato eAfricaner, senge Afrikaner bond uye Het Volk. United Party (UP) yakaumbwa naJBM Hertzog muna 1939 mushure mekunge aparadzana nebapiro rake rakasununguka kuita hurumende nhatu dzakatevedzana dzeNP kubva 1924 kusvika 1939.
Vatema vekuSouth Africa vakakumbirwa kubudirira kuwana dzimwe kodzero panguva iyi nebato rinopikisa reUnited Party, iro rakabvisa rusaruraganda muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvesimba zvinozivikanwa seGrand Apartheid, izvo zvaireva kuti vachena vaigona kudzora zvakaitwa nevatema munharaunda dzavo dzakaparadzaniswa (Norden).
National Party
Zvizvarwa zveSouth Africa zvakaiswa mumapoka emarudzi zvichienderana nechitarisiko chavo uye magariro nemagariro avo pasi pemutemo wePopulation Registration Act wakadzikwa neNP mushure mekukunda United Party muna 1994. Kuti ivake hwaro hwakasimba hwekutsigira bato rayo rezvematongerwo enyika, NP yakabatana. mauto neAfrikanerbond uye Het Volk.
Yakavambwa mu1918 kuti igadzirise kuderera kwakagadzirwa neBritish imperialism (Norden) pakati pevaAfrikaners ne "kuvatonga nekuvadzivirira". Vaiva vanhu vachena chete vakabatana neAfricaner bond sezvo vaingofarira zvido zvekugoverana: mutauro, tsika, uye rusununguko rwezvematongerwo enyika kubva kuBritish.
Afrikaans yakagamuchirwa zviri pamutemo semumwe wemitauro yepamutemo yeSouth Africa muna 1925 neAfrikaner bond, iyo yakatanga iyo Afrikaanse Taal-en Kultuurvereniging. Zvakare, iyo NP yakatanga kutsigira zviitiko zvetsika semakonzati nemapoka evechidiki kuitira kuti vaunze maAfrikaners pasi pemureza mumwe (Hankins) uye kuvaunganidza munharaunda yetsika.
Paive nemapoka mukati meNational Party aive akavakirwa pamisiyano yemagariro nehupfumi, pane kuve mutumbi wemonolithic: dzimwe nhengo dzakaziva kuti dzaida rutsigiro rwepasi kuti dzihwine sarudzo dza1948.
Iwe unogona zvakare kuverenga pazasi zvimwe zvinyorwa kubva kune yedu webhusaiti mahara,
Afrikaner Nation
Nekusimudzira urudzi hwechiKristu kuvanhu vekuSouth Africa, Bato reNyika rakakurudzira vagari kuti varemekedze pane kutya kusawirirana kwavo, nokudaro vachiwana mavhoti kubva kuAfrikaners (Norden). Pfungwa yacho inogona kunzi ine rusaruraganda sezvo pasina kuenzana kwaizivikanwa pakati pemarudzi; asi, yaikurudzira kudzora nharaunda yakagoverwa kuvatema pasina kuvabatanidza mune mamwe mapoka.
Nekuda kweApartheid, vagari vevatema nevachena vakaparadzaniswa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mune zveupfumi. Nekuti vachena vaigona kuwana dzimba dziri nani, zvikoro, uye mikana yekufamba, rusarura rwakava hurongwa hwemagariro nehupfumi hwaifarira vachena vakapfuma (Norden).
Nekuwana vhoti yevaAfrikaner muna 1948, Bato reNyika rakatanga kutonga zvishoma nezvishoma pasinei nekupikisa kwekutanga kweApartheid. Vakagadza zviri pamutemo rusaruraganda gore rimwe chete mushure mekukunda sarudzo, semutemo wemubatanidzwa unobvumidza vachena vekuSouth Africa kutora chikamu mukumiririrwa kwezvematongerwo enyika vasina kodzero yekuvhota (Hankins).
Muma1950, pasi peMutungamiriri weHurumende Dr. NP, iyi nzira yakaoma yekutonga kwevanhu yakaitwa. Nekutsiva Chirungu neAfrikaans muzvikoro nemumahofisi ehurumende, Hendrik Verwoerd akagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwetsika dzechiAfrikaner apo vachena vaipemberera kusiyana kwavo pane kuvanza (Norden).
Chitupa chinosungirwa chitupa chakapihwawo neNP kuvatema nguva dzese. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwegwaro remvumo, vakarambidzwa kubva munzvimbo yavakange vasarudzirwa.
Nzira yekutonga kwevanhu yakagadzirirwa kudzora kufamba kwevatema nemapurisa echichena, zvichiita kuti vagari vemo vatye kufamba munzvimbo dzakagoverwa kune mamwe marudzi (Norden). Nekuda kwekuramba kwaNelson Mandela kuzviisa pasi pehutongi hwevarungu vashoma, ANC yake yakapinda mumasangano ekurwisa rusaruraganda.
Kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwemabantustans, bato renyika rakachengetedza hurombo hweAfrica uye rakadzivirira kusunungurwa kwayo. Kunyangwe vachigara munzvimbo ine urombo yenyika, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica vanhu vaifanira kubhadhara mutero kuhurumende yevachena (Norden) nekuti bantustans yaive nyika dzakachengeterwa vagari vevatema.
Sezvimwe zvemitemo yeNP, vatema vaisungirwawo kutakura zvitupa. Neiyi nzira, mapurisa akakwanisa kuona mafambiro avo uye kuvasunga kana vakapinda munzvimbo yakasarudzwa yemumwe rudzi. “Mauto okudzivirira” akatora mataundishipi umo vatema vairatidzira kusabatwa zvakanaka kwehurumende ndokusungwa kana kuti kuurawa.
Kunze kwekunyimwa kumiririrwa muParamende, vagari vevatema vakawana mabasa mashoma edzidzo uye ekurapa pane vachena (Hankins). Nelson Mandela akava mutungamiri wekutanga weSouth Africa ine hutongi hwejekerere muna 1994 mushure mekunge NP yatonga nguva yerusaruraganda muSouth Africa kubva muna 1948 kusvika 1994.
Ruzhinji rwenhengo dzeNP vaive maAfrikaners aitenda kuti humambo hweBritain "hwaparadza" nyika yavo mushure meHondo Yenyika II nekuda kweBritish imperialism (Walsh). Zvakare, Bato reNyika rakashandisa 'Christian Nationalism' kuti riwane mavhoti eAfricaner nekutaura kuti Mwari akasika marudzi epasi uye anofanira kuremekedzwa pane kutyiwa (Norden).
Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa iyi yaigona kuonekwa sorusaruraganda sezvo yaisaziva kuenzana kwemarudzi; yaingotaura kuti vatema vanofanira kuramba vakazvimirira mukati mematunhu avakapihwa pane kuti vabatane nevamwe. Nekuda kwekutonga kwakazara kweNP paParamende, Vagari vatema havana kukanganwa kusaruramisira kwerusaruraganda asi vaive vasina simba rekugadzirisa.
Nekuda kwehutongi hweBritain mushure mehondo yenyika yekutanga, maAfrikaners akatsigira zvakanyanya National Party. Bato iri rakada kuumba tsika yakaparadzana yekuti vachena vaizova nebasa rehurumende. Architect of apartheid Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd vakakurudzira rusarura rwakanyanya pakati pevatema nevachena panguva yavo yePrime Ministership pakati pa1948 na1952.
MaNordics aitenda kuti misiyano inofanirwa kukumbundirwa kwete kutyiwa nekuti kune misiyano isingagoneke umo boka rimwe richagara richitonga. Kunyangwe Hankins akakurudzira vagari vatema kuti varambe vari mubantustans yavo pane kubatana nedzimwe tsika (Hankins), akatadza kuona aya mapoka 'asingawirirane' seakaenzana.
Pamusoro pekuti vatema vatakure zvitupa, NP yakadzika mitemo yekuti vadaro. Mapurisa akakwanisa kutarisa mafambiro avo zviri nyore semugumisiro. Kana vakabatwa vachiyambuka vachipinda munzvimbo yakarongerwa rumwe rudzi, vaisungwa.
Nelson Mandela akasarudzwa semutungamiri wekutanga mutema weSouth Africa (Norden) musi wa27 Kubvumbi 1994, zvichiratidza kupera kwerusaruraganda. Mukutaura kwake mushure mekuva mutungamiri wenyika, Mandela akataura pachena kuti akanga asina chinangwa chekuzvidza maAfrikaner. Iye panzvimbo pezvo akatsvaga kusimudzira zvinhu zvakanaka achigadzirisa "zvisingafadzi zvenhoroondo yeAfrikaner" (Hendricks).
Panyaya yezvivi zverusaruraganda, aikurudzira Chokwadi neKuyananisa pane kutsiva, achibvumira mativi ose kuti akurukure zvakaitika pasina kutya kurangwa kana kutsiviwa.
Mandela, uyo akabatsira kuumba hurumende itsva yeANC mushure mekurasikirwa nesarudzo, haana kuparadza NP asi asi akakurudzira kuyananisa pakati peAfricaners nevasiri maAfrikaner nekuunza tsika dzeAfricane uye tsika mberi kwekuyananisa kwemarudzi.
Zvisinei nerudzi rwavo, zvizvarwa zveSouth Africa zvakakwanisa kuona mitambo yerugby vari pamwe chete nekuti mutambo uyu wakava chinhu chinobatanidza nyika. The Black Citizens vaiita zvemitambo vaiona terevhizheni, uye kuverenga mapepanhau vasingatyi kutambudzwa ndiyo tariro yaNelson Mandela kwavari (Norden).
Rusaruraganda rwakabviswa muna 1948, asi maAfrikaners haana kubviswa zvachose. Kunyange hazvo mitambo yemarudzi isingareve hazvo kuti NP haichatonga nyika, unounza tariro kune zvizvarwa zvemuSouth Africa zvichakwanisa kuyananiswa nezvakaitika kare pane kugara mukutya.
Vatema vekuSouth Africa havanyanyi kuona vachena sevadzvanyiriri nekuti vanonyanya kukoshesa tsika dzechiAfrikaner. Kana VaMandela vabuda pachigaro, zvichava nyore kuwana runyararo pakati pevatema nevachena. Kuvavarira kuvaka hukama huri nani pakati pemarudzi kwakakosha zvino kupfuura nakare kose, sezvo Nelson Mandela achasiya basa musi waChikumi 16, 1999.
Pasi pehutongi hwaNelson Mandela, maAfrikaner akambonzwa zvakare kugadzikana nechimiro chavo munzanga nekuti hurumende yevachena yakaunzwa muzana remakore rechi21. Mutungamiri weSouth Africa, VaJacob Zuma, vari kuda kugadzwa zvakare pachigaro chepamusoro cheSouth Africa muna 2009 semutungamiri weANC (Norden).
Mhedziso,
Sezvo NP yaive nemasimba akawanda kubva parutsigiro rwevavhoti veAfricaner, vakakwanisa kuchengetedza Paramende kusvikira vakundwa musarudzo; nokudaro vachena vaityira kuti kuvhotera rimwe bato kwaizoita kuti vatema vave nesimba rakawanda, izvo zvaizoita kuti varungu varasikirwe neropafadzo nokuda kwezvirongwa zvokuita kana vakavhotera rimwe bato.