Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo isishwankathelo
Brown v. Board of Education yayilityala eliyimbalasane leNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States elawiswa ngowe-1954. Eli tyala lalibandakanya ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni lokucalulwa ngobuhlanga kwezikolo zikawonke-wonke kumazwe amaninzi. Kwimeko, iqela labazali base-Afrika-baseMelika bacela umngeni kumgaqo-siseko wemithetho "eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo" enyanzelisa ulwahlulo kwizikolo zikarhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwizikolo zikarhulumente kwaphula isiqinisekiso seSihlomelo seShumi elineSine sokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. INkundla yathi nokuba izibonelelo zezakhiwo bezilingana, isenzo sokwahlula abantwana ngokobuhlanga babo sidale amathuba emfundo angalinganiyo ngokwemvelo. Isigqibo sokubhukuqa imfundiso yangaphambili kaPlessy v. Ferguson "eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo" yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu. Kwaphawula ukuphela kocalucalulo olusemthethweni kwizikolo zikarhulumente kwaye kwamisela umzekelo wokucalulwa kwamanye amaziko karhulumente. Isigwebo seBrown v. Board of Education saba nefuthe elibonakalayo kuluntu lwaseMelika kwaye savusa intshukumo yokulwela amalungelo oluntu kunye nemingeni esemthethweni kucalucalulo. Ihlala isesinye sezona zigqibo zibalulekileyo nezinempembelelo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimbali yaseMelika.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo Ukubaluleka
Ukubaluleka kwetyala likaBrown v. neBhodi yezeMfundo akunakubaxwa. Yayingumzuzu obalulekileyo kwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu kwaye yayineziphumo ezide kuluntu lwaseMelika. Nantsi enye yokubaluleka kwayo okungundoqo:
Ibhukuqwe “Yahluliwe kodwa iyalingana”:
Esi sigwebo sawutshitshisa ngokucacileyo umgaqo owamiselwa lityala likaPlessy v. Ferguson ngo-1896, nelithe laseka imfundiso “eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo”. UBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo yabhengeza ukuba ucalucalulo ngokwalo lwalungalingani ngokwendalo phantsi koLungiso lweshumi elinesine. Ukwahlulwa kweZikolo zikaRhulumente:
Esi sigwebo sagunyazisa ukucalulwa kwezikolo zikarhulumente kwaye saphawula isiqalo sokuphela kocalucalulo olusemthethweni kwezemfundo. Yahlahl’ indlela yokudityaniswa kwamanye amaziko oluntu nezibonelelo, icel’ umngeni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga olwalusele lwendele ngelo xesha.
Ukubaluleka Komfuziselo:
Ngaphandle kweempembelelo zalo ezisemthethweni nezisebenzayo, eli tyala linophawu olukhulu olubalulekileyo. Ibonise ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayizimisele ukuchasa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwaye yabonisa ukuzinikela okubanzi kumalungelo alinganayo kunye nokukhuselwa okulinganayo phantsi komthetho.
Ivuse ubutshantliziyo baMalungelo oLuntu:
Esi sigqibo savusa iphulo lokulwela amalungelo oluntu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho umbutho owawulwela ukulingana nobulungisa. Yakhuthaza kwaye yahlanganisa abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kunye namahlakani abo ukuba bacele umngeni ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.
Umzekelo osemthethweni:
UBrown v. Board of Education wamisela umzekelo obalulekileyo womthetho kumatyala alandelayo amalungelo oluntu. Yanikela isiseko esisemthethweni sokucel’ umngeni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwamanye amaziko kawonke-wonke, njengezindlu, ezothutho nokuvota, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuloyiso olungakumbi kumlo wokulingana.
Ukuxhasa iMiba yoMgaqo-siseko:
Esi sigwebo siphinde saqinisekisa umgaqo wokuba isiHlomelo seShumi elineSine igatya lokhuseleko olulinganayo lisebenza kubo bonke abemi nokuba ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga aluhambelani neenqobo ezisisiseko zoMgaqo-siseko. Incede ekukhuseleni amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yoluntu oluhlelelekileyo nokuqhubela phambili injongo yobulungisa bobuhlanga.
Ngokubanzi, ityala likaBrown v. Board of Education lidlale indima yokuguqula amalungelo oluntu, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwinkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo kumzabalazo wokulingana ngokobuhlanga nobulungisa eUnited States.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo isigqibo
Kwisigqibo esibalulekileyo sikaBrown v. seBhodi Yezemfundo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula iGatya leSihlomelo seshumi elinesine soKhuseleko oluLinganayo. Eli tyala laxoxwa eNkundleni ngowe-1952 nangowe-1953 laza ekugqibeleni lagqitywa ngoMeyi 17, 1954. Uluvo lweNkundla, olwabhalwa nguJaji Oyintloko uEarl Warren, lwavakalisa ukuba “izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zemfundo azilingani ngokwemvelo. Yathi nokuba izibonelelo zezakhiwo bezilingana, isenzo sokwahlulwa kwabafundi ngokwebala labo sidala ibala nemvakalelo yokujongelwa phantsi enefuthe elibi kwimfundo yabo nakuphuhliso lwabo ngokubanzi. INkundla iyikhabile ingcamango yokuba ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga lungaze luthathwe njengomgaqo-siseko okanye lwamkelekile phantsi kwemigaqo yokhuseleko elinganayo yoLungiso lweshumi elinesine. Isigqibo sawutshitshisa umthetho wangaphambili "owahlukileyo kodwa olinganayo" owamiselwa kwi-Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), eyavumela ucalucalulo ukuba nje kukho izibonelelo ezilinganayo ezibonelelweyo kuhlanga ngalunye. INkundla yathi ukwahlulwa kwezikolo zikarhulumente ngokusekwe kubuhlanga kwakungavisisani ngokwemvelo yaye yayalela amazwe ukuba acalucalule iinkqubo zawo zezikolo “ngaso sonke isantya sangabom.” Esi sigwebo sathi sabeka isiseko sokwahlulwa kwamaziko oluntu namaziko kwilizwe liphela. Isigqibo seBrown v. Board of Education saba yinguqu kumbutho wamalungelo oluntu saza saphawula utshintsho kumthetho ophathelele ukulingana ngokobuhlanga. Yakhuthaza iinzame zokuphelisa ucalucalulo, kokubini ezikolweni nakwezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke, yaza yaphembelela amaza omzabalazo kunye nemingeni yezomthetho ukuze kupheliswe izenzo zocalucalulo zelo xesha.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo imvelaphi
Phambi kokuxoxa ngemvelaphi yetyala likaBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo ngokukodwa, kubalulekile ukuqonda umxholo obanzi wocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eUnited States phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Emva kokupheliswa kobukhoboka emva kweMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bajongana nocalucalulo kunye nobundlobongela. Imithetho kaJim Crow yenziwa ngasekupheleni kwe-19th nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, inyanzelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezifana nezikolo, iipaki, iindawo zokutyela kunye nezothutho. Le mithetho yayisekelwe kumgaqo "ohlukeneyo kodwa olinganayo", owawuvumela izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ukuba nje zithathwa njengezilinganayo ngokomgangatho. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, imibutho yamalungelo oluntu kunye namatsha ntliziyo aqala ukucel’ umngeni ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nokufuna amalungelo alinganayo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngomnyaka ka 1935, iNational Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) yaqalisa uluhlu lwemingeni esemthethweni yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NAACP's Education Campaign. Injongo yayikukubhukuqa imfundiso “eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo” eyasekwa sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sikaPlessy v. Ferguson ngowe-1896. Isicwangciso somthetho seNAACP yayikukucel’ umngeni ukungalingani kwezikolo ezicalu-calulwayo ngokubonisa iyantlukwano ecwangcisiweyo yezibonelelo, izibonelelo, kunye namathuba emfundo Abafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika. Ngoku, ukuguqula ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Brown v. Board of Education case: Kwi-1951, i-class-action lawsuit yafakwa egameni labazali abalishumi elinesithathu base-Afrika baseMelika e-Topeka, e-Kansas, yi-NAACP. UOliver Brown, omnye wabazali, wafuna ukubhalisa intombi yakhe, uLinda Brown, kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi esimhlophe kufutshane nekhaya labo. Noko ke, uLinda kwafuneka aye kwisikolo sabantsundu esahlukileyo esasikude kufuphi. I-NAACP yaxoxa ukuba izikolo ezahluliweyo e-Topeka zazingalingani ngokwemvelo kwaye zaphula isiqinisekiso seSihlomelo seShumi elineSine sokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Ekugqibeleni eli tyala lasiwa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo njengoko uBrown v. Board of Education. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwityala likaBrown v. Board of Education sawiswa ngoMeyi 17, 1954. Yayikhaba imfundiso “yokwahlulwa kodwa kuyalingana” kwimfundo kawonke-wonke yaza yawisa isigwebo sokuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwaphula uMgaqo-siseko. Esi sigwebo, esibhalwe nguJaji oyiNtloko u-Earl Warren, saba nemiphumo enzulu kwaye sabeka umzekelo osemthethweni wemigudu yokuxhatshazwa kwamanye amaziko oluntu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphunyezwa kwesigqibo seNkundla kwahlangatyezwana nenkcaso kumazwe amaninzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwinkqubo ende yokucalulwa kwabantu kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo Case Brief
UBrown v. IBhodi yeMfundo kaTopeka, 347 US 483 (1954) Inyaniso: Ityala livela kumatyala amaninzi adibeneyo, kuquka iBrown v. Board of Education yaseTopeka, eKansas. Abamangali, abantwana base-Afrika baseMelika, kunye neentsapho zabo bacela umngeni wokwahlulwa kwezikolo zikarhulumente eKansas, Delaware, South Carolina, naseVirginia. Baye baxoxa ukuba ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo yoluntu kwaphula iGatya loKhuseleko oluLinganayo loLungiso lweshumi elinesine. Umba: Eyona nto iphambili phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yayikukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lunokuxhaswa ngokomgaqo-siseko phantsi kwemfundiso “eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo” eyasekwa sisigqibo sikaPlessy v. Ferguson ngowe-1896, okanye ukuba yaphula isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko esilinganayo seshumi elinesine. Isilungiso. Isigqibo: INkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ngamxhelo mnye evumelana nabamangali, ibambe ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikarhulumente lwaluchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqiqa: INkundla yaphonononga imbali kunye nenjongo yesiHlomelo seShumi elineSine yaza yagqiba ekubeni abaqulunqi bebengazimiselanga ukuba ivumele imfundo eyahlulwayo. INkundla yabona ukuba imfundo ibalulekile ekukhuleni komntu yaye ukwahlulwa kwenza umntu azive ephantsi. INkundla yakhaba imfundiso "eyahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo", ichaza ukuba nokuba izibonelelo zenyama zilingana, isenzo sokwahlula abafundi ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga senza ukungalingani okungokwemvelo. Ucalucalulo, iNkundla yabamba, yahlutha abafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika amathuba alinganayo emfundo. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo kawonke-wonke lwaphula ngokwendalo iGatya leSihlomelo seShumi elineSine soKhuseleko oluLinganayo. Yabhengeza ukuba izibonelelo zemfundo ezahlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo yaza yayalela ukuba izikolo zikarhulumente zicatshulwe “ngaso sonke isantya sangabom.” Okubalulekileyo: Isigqibo sikaBrown v. IBhodi yezeMfundo sawutshitshisa umthetho “okwahlukileyo kodwa olinganayo” owasekwa nguPlessy v. Ferguson waza wabhengeza ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikarhulumente olunxamnye nomgaqo-siseko. Iphawule uloyiso olukhulu lwentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu, yakhuthaza ubutshantliziyo obungakumbi, yaza yamisela inqanaba lemizamo yokucalucalulwa kwabantu kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Isigqibo saba sisiganeko esibalulekileyo kumlo wokulingana ngokobuhlanga kwaye sihlala silelona tyala libalulekileyo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimbali yaseMelika.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo igalelo
Isigqibo seBrown v. Board of Education saba nempembelelo enkulu kuluntu lwaseMelika nakwintshukumo yamalungelo oluntu. Ezinye zeempembelelo eziphambili ziquka:
Ukwahlulwa kweZikolo:
Isigqibo sikaBrown sabhengeza ucalu-calulo ngokobuhlanga kwizikolo zikarhulumente kwaye sagunyazisa ukucalulwa kwezikolo. Oku kukhokelele ekudityanisweni ngokuthe ngcembe kwezikolo kulo lonke elase-United States, nangona inkqubo yahlangatyezwana nenkcaso kwaye yathatha iminyaka emininzi ukuphumeza ngokupheleleyo.
Umzekelo osemthethweni:
Isigwebo samisela umzekelo obalulekileyo osemthethweni wokuba ulwahlulo olusekelwe kubuhlanga lwalungahambelani nomgaqo-siseko kwaye lwaphula isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko esilinganayo seSihlomelo seshumi elinesine. Lo mzekelo wasetyenziswa kamva kumngeni wocalucalulo kwezinye iindawo zobomi boluntu, okukhokelela kwintshukumo ebanzi yokuchasa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
Uphawu loLingano:
Isigqibo sikaBrown saba ngumqondiso womzabalazo wokulingana kunye namalungelo oluntu eUnited States. Yayimele ukugatywa kwemfundiso “eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo” kunye nokungalingani kwayo. Esi sigwebo sakhuthaza kwaye sakhuthaza abalwela amalungelo oluntu, sabanika isiseko somthetho nesokuziphatha sokulwa nocalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo.
Olunye uButshantliziyo baMalungelo oLuntu:
Isigqibo sikaBrown sadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu. Yanika amatshantliziyo iingxoxo ezicacileyo ezingokwasemthethweni yaza yabonisa ukuba iinkundla zazikulungele ukungenelela kumlo ochasene nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. Esi sigwebo siqhubele phambili ubutshantliziyo, uqhanqalazo, kunye nemingeni esemthethweni yokuphelisa ucalucalulo kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu.
Amathuba eMfundo:
Ukwahlulwa kwezikolo kwavula amathuba emfundo kubafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika ababengavunyelwa ngaphambili. Ukuhlanganiswa kuvumele ukuphuculwa kwezibonelelo, amaziko, nokufikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni. Incede ukudiliza imiqobo yenkqubo yemfundo kwaye yanika isiseko sokulingana okukhulu kunye nethuba.
Impembelelo eBanzi kuMalungelo oLuntu:
Isigqibo sikaBrown saba nefuthe elibi kwimizabalazo yamalungelo oluntu ngaphaya kwemfundo. Yamisela isiseko socelomngeni nxamnye nezakhiwo ezahluliweyo kwezothutho, izindlu, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke. Esi sigwebo sakhankanywa kumatyala alandelayo kwaye sasebenza njengesiseko sokudilizwa kocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi boluntu.
Lilonke, isigqibo seBrown v. Board of Education saba nefuthe lenguqu kumlo ochasene nocalucalulo lobuhlanga nokungalingani eUnited States. Idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuqhubeleni phambili unobangela wamalungelo oluntu, ikhuthaze ubutshantliziyo obungakumbi, nokumisela umzekelo osemthethweni wokudilizwa kocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo Uhlengahlengiso
Ityala likaBrown v. Board of Education alizange libandakanye ukudalwa okanye ukulungiswa kwazo naziphi na izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko. Endaweni yoko, ityala ligxile ekutolikweni nasekusetyenzisweni kweGatya loKhuseleko oluLinganayo loLungiso lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. IGatya loKhuseleko oluLinganayo, elifumaneka kwiCandelo loku-1 loLungiso lweshumi elineSine, lithi akukho lizwe liya “kwala kuye nawuphi na umntu ophantsi kolawulo lwalo ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” INkundla Ephakamileyo, kwisigqibo sayo kwityala likaBrown v. Board of Education, yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula esi siqinisekiso sokhuseleko silinganayo. Ngelixa eli tyala lingazange litshintshe ngokuthe ngqo nayiphi na imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, isigwebo salo sadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ukutolikwa kweSihlomelo seShumi elineSine kunye nokuqinisekisa umgaqo wokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Isigqibo sibe negalelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kunye nokwandiswa kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo oluntu, ngokukodwa kwimeko yokulingana ngokobuhlanga.
Brown v IBhodi yezeMfundo Uluvo Oluphikisanayo
Kwakukho iimbono ezininzi eziphikisanayo kwityala likaBrown v. Board of Education, elalimela iimbono zabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Abathathu babagwebi bafake iimbono eziphikisanayo: uJustice Stanley Reed, uJustice Felix Frankfurter, kunye noJustice John Marshall Harlan II. Ngoluvo lwakhe oluphikisanayo, uJustice Stanley Reed waxoxa ukuba iNkundla kufuneka ihoye kwisebe lezomthetho kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko ukujongana nemiba yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo. Wayekholelwa ukuba inkqubela-phambili yentlalo kufuneka ize ngeengxoxo zoluntu kunye neenkqubo zedemokhrasi endaweni yokungenelela kwenkundla. UJustice Reed uvakalise inkxalabo malunga neNkundla egqithisa igunya layo kwaye iphazamisane nomgaqo-nkqubo we-federalism ngokumisela ukuhlukaniswa kwibhentshi. Kwinkcaso yakhe, uJustice Felix Frankfurter wathi iNkundla kufuneka ibambelele kumgaqo wokuthintelwa kwenkundla kwaye ithobele umgaqo omiselweyo owamiselwa yityala likaPlessy v. Ferguson. Wayephikisa ngelithi imfundiso “yokwahlukana kodwa elinganayo” ifanele ihlale injalo ngaphandle kokuba kukho umboniso ocacileyo wenjongo yocalucalulo okanye impatho engalinganiyo kwimfundo. UJustice Frankfurter wayekholelwa ukuba iNkundla akufuneki imke kwindlela yayo yakudala yokuhlonipha ukwenza izigqibo ezisemthethweni kunye nesigqeba. UJustice John Marshall Harlan II, ngokoluvo lwakhe oluphikisayo, wavakalisa inkxalabo malunga nokujongelwa phantsi kweNkundla yamalungelo elizwe kunye nokuhamba kwayo kuthintelo lomthetho. Wayethetha ukuba iSilungiso seshumi elinesine asizange sithintele ngokucacileyo ukucalulwa kobuhlanga kwaye injongo yokulungiswa yayingekokujongana nemiba yokulingana ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo. UJustice Harlan wayekholelwa ukuba isigqibo seNkundla sadlula igunya layo kwaye sangena kumagunya agcinwe kumazwe. Ezi zimvo ziphikisanayo zibonise iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngendima yeNkundla ekujonganeni nemiba yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nokutolikwa kweSilungiso seshumi elinesine. Noko ke, phezu kwako nje oko kungavisisaniyo, isigwebo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwityala likaBrown v. Board of Education saba njengoluvo lwenkoliso yaza ekugqibeleni sakhokelela ekubeni izikolo zikawonke-wonke zaseUnited States zingahlulwa.
Plessy v Ferguson
Ityala likaPlessy v. Ferguson laliyimbalasane kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States eyagqitywa ngowe-1896. Eli tyala lalibandakanya umngeni kumthetho waseLouisiana owawufuna ucalucalulo lobuhlanga koololiwe. UHomer Plessy, owachazwa njengomntu wase-Afrika waseMelika phantsi komgaqo “wethontsi elinye” laseLouisiana, wophula ngabom umthetho ukuze kuvavanywe ukuba usemthethweni kusini na. UPlessy wakhwela kwimoto kaloliwe “emhlophe kuphela” kwaye wala ukufudukela kwinqwelo-mafutha echongiweyo “yemibala”. Wabanjwa wabekwa ityala lokwaphula umthetho. UPlessy waxoxa ngelithi umthetho waphula iGatya loKhuseleko oluLinganayo loLungiso lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, oqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo, kwisigqibo esisi-7-1, yawuxhasa umgaqo-siseko womthetho waseLouisiana. Uluvo oluninzi, olubhalwe nguJustice Henry Billings Brown, luseke imfundiso “eyahlukileyo kodwa elinganayo”. INkundla yathi ucalucalulo lwalusemthethweni logama nje iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe iintlanga ezahlukeneyo zazilingana ngokomgangatho. Isigqibo kwi-Plessy v. Ferguson savumela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga olusemthethweni kwaye saba ngummiselo osemthethweni owabumba ikhosi yobudlelwane bobuhlanga eUnited States kangangamashumi eminyaka. Esi sigwebo sagunyazisa imithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ka-"Jim Crow" kulo lonke ilizwe, enyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi boluntu. I-Plessy v. Ferguson yaba ngumzekelo de yatshitshiswa sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala likaBrown v. Board of Education ngo-1954. Isigqibo sikaBrown sabonisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula i-Equal Protection Clause kwaye lwaphawula utshintsho oluphawulekayo kurhulumente. umlo wokuchasa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eUnited States.
UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu of 1964
UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu ka-1964 ngumthetho obalulekileyo othintela ucalulo olusekelwe kubuhlanga, ibala, inkolo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe. Ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kumthetho wamalungelo oluntu kwimbali yase-United States. Lo Mthetho usayinwe waba ngumthetho nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson ngoJulayi 2, 1964, emva kwengxoxo ende kunye nempikiswano kwiCongress. Eyona njongo yayo iphambili yayikukuphelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nocalucalulo olwaluzingisele kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi boluntu, kuquka izikolo, ingqesho, izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke namalungelo okuvota. Izibonelelo eziphambili zoMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu we-1964 ziquka:
Ukwahlulwa kwamaZiko oLuntu Isihloko I salo Mthetho sithintela ucalucalulo okanye ucalucalulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana neehotele, iindawo zokutyela, iithiyetha kunye neepaki. Ithi abantu abanakuvinjwa ukungena okanye ukuphathwa ngendlela engalinganiyo kwezi ndawo ngokusekelwe kubuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe.
Ukungacalucalulo kwiiNkqubo eziFumana ngeNgxowa-mali kuRhulumente Isihloko se-II sithintela ucalucalulo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo okanye umsebenzi ofumana uncedo lwemali ye-federal. Ibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lwemimandla, kubandakanya imfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, izithuthi zikawonke wonke, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo.
I-Equal Employment Opportunity Isihloko III siyaluthintela ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, umbala, inkolo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe. Iseke iKomishoni yamaThuba eNgqesho eLinganayo (EEOC), enoxanduva lokunyanzelisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwezibonelelo zoMthetho.
Ukukhuselwa kwamaLungelo okuvota Isihloko IV soMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu sibandakanya izibonelelo ezijoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo okuvota kunye nokulwa nezenzo zocalucalulo, ezifana nerhafu yokuvota kunye novavanyo lokufunda nokubhala. Igunyaze urhulumente wesigqeba ukuba athathe amanyathelo okukhusela amalungelo okuvota kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela okulinganayo kwinkqubo yonyulo. Ukongeza, lo Mthetho udale iNkonzo yoBudlelwane boLuntu (CRS), esebenzela ukuthintela nokusombulula iingxabano zobuhlanga nobuhlanga kunye nokukhuthaza ukuqondana nentsebenziswano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo.
UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu wowe-1964 wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili unobangela wamalungelo oluntu eUnited States nokubhangisa ucalucalulo lwamaziko. Ukususela ngoko iye yaqiniswa ngamalungelo oluntu alandelayo kunye nomthetho wokuchasana nocalucalulo, kodwa ihlala ingumqondiso obalulekileyo kumzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana nobulungisa.