Xoxa noRussell Uchasa iMfundo yoLawulo lweLizwe
URussell Uchasa Ulawulo Lwezemfundo Lwelizwe
Kwihlabathi lemfundo, umntu ufumana iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubona malunga nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente. Abanye bathi urhulumente kufuneka abe nempembelelo enkulu kumaziko emfundo, ngelixa abanye bekholelwa kungenelelo olulinganiselweyo lukarhulumente. UBertrand Russell, isithandi sobulumko esaziwayo saseBritani, ingcaphephe yezibalo, nengcali yokuqiqa, uwela kudidi lwamva. URussell uluchasa ngokuqinileyo ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo, enikela ingxoxo enyanzelisayo esekelwe ekubalulekeni kwenkululeko yengqondo, iimfuno ezahlukahlukeneyo zabantu ngabanye, kunye namandla okufundiswa.
Okokuqala, uRussell ubethelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yobukrelekrele kwimfundo. Uxoxa ngelithi ulawulo lukarhulumente ludla ngokucutha iyantlukwano yezimvo kwaye luthintele ukukhula ngokwasengqondweni. NgokukaRussell, imfundo ifanele ikhulise ukucinga okunzulu kunye nengqondo evulekileyo, enokuthi yenzeke kuphela kwindawo engenazo iimfundiso ezinyanzeliswa ngurhulumente. Xa urhulumente elawula imfundo, unegunya lokumisela ikharityhulam, ukukhetha iincwadi zezifundo, kunye nefuthe lokuqeshwa kootitshala. Ulawulo olunjalo ludla ngokukhokelela kwindlela yokucinga emxinwa, ethintela ukuphononongwa nokuphuhliswa kweengcamango ezintsha.
Ngaphezu koko, uRussell wema ngelithi abantu bayahluka kwiimfuno zabo zemfundo nakwiminqweno yabo. Ngolawulo lukarhulumente, kukho umngcipheko wendalo wokubekwa emgangathweni, apho imfundo iba yinkqubo elinganayo yonke into. Le ndlela yokufundisa ayinikeli ngqalelo into yokuba abafundi banetalente eyodwa, abanomdla kunye nezimbo zokufunda. URussell ucebisa ukuba inkqubo yemfundo yokwabela amagunya, enamaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo abonelela ngeemfuno zomntu ngamnye, ingasebenza ngakumbi ekuqinisekiseni ukuba wonke umntu ufumana imfundo ehambelana nobuchule namabhongo akhe.
Ngaphezu koko, uRussell uvakalisa inkxalabo yokuba ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo lunokukhokelela ekufundiseni. Umi ngelithi oorhulumente ngokufuthi basebenzisa imfundo ukuze bakhuthaze iingcamango zabo okanye ii-ajenda zabo, bexonxa iingqondo eziselula ukuze zivisisane nembono ethile yehlabathi. Esi senzo sicinezela ukucinga nzulu kwaye sinciphisa ukutyhileka kwabafundi kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo. URussell ugxininisa kwelokuba imfundo ifanele ijolise ekukhuthazeni ingcamango ezimeleyo kunokuba ifundise abantu ngeenkolelo zodidi olulawulayo.
Ngokwahlukileyo kulawulo lukarhulumente, uRussell uthethelela inkqubo ebonelela ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zemfundo, njengezikolo zabucala, imfundo yasekhaya, okanye amanyathelo asekelwe kuluntu. Ukholelwa ukuba le ndlela yokwabela amagunya iya kuvumela ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha, iyantlukwano, kunye nenkululeko yobukrelekrele. Ngokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano nokhetho, uRussell uthi imfundo yayiya kusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabafundi, abazali, noluntu luphela.
Ukuqukumbela, ukuchasa kukaBertrand Russell ekulawuleni imfundo kurhulumente kubangelwa yinkolelo yakhe ekubalulekeni kwenkululeko yengqondo, iimfuno ezahlukahlukeneyo zabantu, namandla okufundiswa. Umi ngelithi imfundo akufunekanga ilawulwe ngurhulumente kuphela, njengoko inciphisa ukukhula kwengqondo, ingayihoyi iyantlukwano yabantu ngabanye, kwaye inokukhuthaza imbono emxinwa yehlabathi. URussell uthethelela inkqubo yokwabela amagunya enikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zemfundo, eqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yengqondo kunye neemfuno zomntu ngamnye ziyahlangatyezwa. Nangona ingxoxo yakhe ibangele iingxoxo-mpikiswano, iseligalelo elibalulekileyo kwintetho eqhubekayo malunga nendima karhulumente kwezemfundo.
Isihloko: URussell Uchasa iMfundo yoLawulo lukaRhulumente
Intshayelelo:
Imfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni abantu kunye noluntu. Ingxoxo-mpikiswano emalunga nokulawulwa kwemfundo ngurhulumente kudala ingumxholo wempikiswano, enemibono eyahluka-hlukeneyo malunga neenzuzo kunye nezithintelo zayo. Omnye umntu obalaseleyo ochasa ulawulo lwemfundo ngurhulumente sisithandi sobulumko esaziwayo saseBritani uBertrand Russell. Esi sincoko siza kuhlolisisa imbono kaRussell size sixubushe izizathu zokuchasa kwakhe ulawulo lwemfundo.
Inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nophuhliso lwengqondo:
Okokuqala nokuphambili, uRussell ukholelwa ukuba ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo luthintela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nophuhliso lwengqondo. Uthi kwinkqubo yemfundo elawulwa ngurhulumente, ikharityhulamu idla ngokuyilwa ukuba isebenzele iimfuno zombuso, kunokuba ikhuthaze abafundi ukuba baphuhlise izakhono zabo zokucinga kunye nokuphonononga uluhlu olubanzi lweengcamango kunye nemibono.
Ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokufundiswa:
Esinye isizathu sokuba uRussell akuchase kukunganyangeki nokufundiswa kwimfundo elawulwa ngurhulumente. Uthi xa urhulumente elawula oko kufundiswayo, kukho umngcipheko wokukhetha icala, ukucinezelwa kweembono eziphikisanayo, kunye nokumiliselwa kwengcamango enye elawulayo. Oku, ngokutsho kukaRussell, kubandeza abafundi ithuba lokuphuhlisa ingcamango ezimeleyo yaye kuthintela ukufuna inyaniso.
Ukubekwa emgangathweni kunye nokuhambelana:
URussell ukwagxeka ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo ngokuphakamisa umgangatho kunye nokuhambelana. Uxoxa ngelithi iinkqubo zemfundo esembindini zikholisa ukunyanzelisa ukufana kwiindlela zokufundisa, ikharityhulam, neenkqubo zovavanyo. Oku kufana kunokuthintela ubuchule bokuyila, ukusungula, kunye neetalente ezizodwa zabafundi ngabanye, njengoko benyanzeliswa ukuba bahambelane nomgangatho omiswe kwangaphambili.
Ukwahlukana kwenkcubeko nentlalo:
Ngaphezu koko, uRussell ugxininisa ukubaluleka kweyantlukwano yenkcubeko nentlalontle kwimfundo. Umi ngelithi inkqubo yemfundo elawulwa ngurhulumente isoloko ityeshela iimfuno, izithethe nezithethe ezahlukeneyo zoluntu. URussell ukholelwa ukuba imfundo kufuneka ilungelelaniswe kwiimfuno ezithile zoluntu olwahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza ulwazi lwenkcubeko, ukubandakanywa, kunye nentlonipho yeembono ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kunye nokuzilawula:
Okokugqibela, uRussell uxoxa ngelithi inkqubo yemfundo ekhululekileyo kulawulo lukarhulumente iququzelela intatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi kunye nokuzilawula. Ngokumela ukuzimela kwezemfundo, ukholelwa ukuba uluntu kunye namaziko anokuba nempembelelo ngakumbi kwizigqibo zemfundo, ekhokelela kwinkqubo ebonisa iimfuno kunye nemilinganiselo yendawo. Indlela enjalo ikhuthaza ubumi obusebenzayo kunye nokuxhotyiswa phakathi koluntu.
Isiphelo:
UBertrand Russell wayechasa ulawulo lukarhulumente lwemfundo ngenxa yokuxhalaba malunga nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ukunyanzeliswa, ukufundiswa, ukubekwa emgangathweni, ukuhlukahluka kwenkcubeko, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Wayekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ekhululekileyo kulawulo lukarhulumente iya kuvumela uphuhliso lwengcinga ephangaleleyo, ukuzimela ngokobukrelekrele, ulwazi lwenkcubeko, kunye nothethathethwano lwedemokhrasi. Ngelixa isihloko solawulo lwemfundo sisengumxholo wengxoxo eqhubekayo, iimbono zikaRussell zibonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo kwiingxaki ezinokubakho zokubeka izinto kwindawo enye kwaye zigxininise ukubaluleka kokukhuthaza abantu ngabanye, ukungafani, kunye nentatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi kwiinkqubo zemfundo.