intshayelelo
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezohlukeneyo, uMthetho onguNombolo 49 ka-1953, wawuyinxalenye yenkqubo yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika. UMthetho wagunyazisa ukwahlulwa ngokobuhlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, izithuthi, kunye neenkonzo. Kuphela ziindlela ezifikeleleka eluntwini nezitalato ebezingabandakanywanga kulo Mthetho. ICandelo 3b loMthetho lichaze ukuba izibonelelo zeentlanga ezahlukeneyo akufuneki zilingane. ICandelo 3a lenze ukuba kube semthethweni ukubonelela ngezibonelelo ezicalulweyo kodwa kwakhona ukubangabandakanyi ngokupheleleyo abantu, ngokusekelwe kuhlanga lwabo, kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, izithuthi, okanye iinkonzo. Ngokwenyani, ezona ndawo zikumgangatho ophezulu bezigcinelwe abamhlophe ngelixa ezo zezinye iintlanga zazingaphantsi.
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezahlukileyo, isincoko esinempikiswano ngama-300
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo wowe-1953 wanyanzelisa ucalu-calulo ngokubonelela ngamaziko ahlukeneyo kumaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Lo mthetho waba nefuthe elikhulu kweli lizwe, kwaye usavakala nanamhlanje. Esi sincoko siza kuxoxa ngembali yoMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo, ifuthe lawo kuMzantsi Afrika, kunye nendlela oye waphendulwa ngayo.
ISeparate Amenities Act yapasiswa ngo-1953 ngurhulumente weNational Party yaseMzantsi Afrika. Lo Mthetho wawuyilelwe ukuba unyanzelise ngokwasemthethweni ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ngokuthintela abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo ukuba basebenzise izibonelelo zoluntu ezifanayo. Oku kuquka izindlu zangasese, iipaki, amaqula okuqubha, iibhasi nezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke. Lo Mthetho ukwanike oomasipala igunya lokudala iindawo eziluncedo ezahlukeneyo zamaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo.
Iziphumo zoMthetho weZibonelelo eziMahluko ziye zafikelela kude. Yadala inkqubo yocalucalulo esemthethweni kwaye yaba ngunobangela ophambili kwinkqubo yocalucalulo yaseMzantsi Afrika. Lo Mthetho ukwadala ukungalingani, njengoko abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo babephathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwaye bengakwazi ukuxubana ngokukhululekileyo. Oku kube nefuthe elimandla kuluntu loMzantsi Afrika, ngakumbi malunga nemvisiswano yobuhlanga.
Iimpendulo kuMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo zahlukene. Kwelinye icala, iye yagxekwa ngabaninzi, kuquka iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo namanye amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe, njengocalucalulo nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu. Kwelinye icala, abanye abemi boMzantsi Afrika bathi lo Mthetho ubuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe imvisiswano yobuhlanga nokuthintela ubundlobongela ngokobuhlanga.
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo wowe-1953 wawuyeyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yocalucalulo yaseMzantsi Afrika. Yanyanzelisa ucalucalulo kwaye yadala ukungalingani. Iziphumo zoMthetho zisavakala nanamhlanje, kwaye impendulo iyahluka. Ekugqibeleni, kucacile ukuba uMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo ube nempembelelo enkulu eMzantsi Afrika. Ilifa layo lisavakala nanamhlanje.
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezahlukileyo, Isincoko esichazayo 350 Amagama
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezohlukeneyo, owamiselwa eMzantsi Afrika ngowe-1953, wawahlulahlula amaziko oluntu. Lo mthetho wawuyinxalenye yenkqubo yocalucalulo eyayinyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nengcinezelo yabantsundu eMzantsi Afrika. ISeparate Amenities Act yenza ukuba akukho mthethweni ukuba abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo basebenzise amaziko oluntu afanayo. Lo mthetho wawungaphelelanga nje kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, kodwa ukwanatyiselwe nakwiipaki, iilwandle, amathala eencwadi, iimovie, izibhedlele, kwanezindlu zangasese zikarhulumente.
ISeparate Amenities Act yayiyinxalenye enkulu yocalucalulo. Lo mthetho wawuyilelwe ukuba abantu abamnyama bangakwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo ezifanayo nabamhlophe. Ikwathintele abantu abaNtsundu ekubeni bafikelele kumathuba afanayo nawabantu abamhlophe. Umthetho wawunyanzeliswa ngamapolisa awayehambahamba kumaziko oluntu aze anyanzelise umthetho. Ukuba kukho nabani na owaphula umthetho, wayenokubanjwa okanye ahlawuliswe.
Abemi baseMzantsi Afrika abaNtsundu bawuchasile uMthetho weZibonelelo ezohlukeneyo. Babevakalelwa kukuba umthetho wawunocalucalulo yaye ungekho sikweni. Yachaswa nayimibutho yehlabathi efana neZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neAfrican National Congress. Le mibutho imemelele ukuba urhoxiswe lo mthetho kwaye ulingano olukhulu kubemi boMzantsi Afrika abamnyama.
Ngo-1989, uMthetho woLungelelwaniso olwahlukileyo wabhangiswa. Oku kwabonwa njengoloyiso olukhulu lolingano kunye namalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Ukuyekiswa kwalo mthetho kukwajongwe njengenyathelo elichanekileyo elisingise ekupheliseni inkqubo yocalucalulo.
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali yoMzantsi Afrika. Umthetho wawuyinxalenye enkulu yenkqubo yocalucalulo kunye nomqobo obalulekileyo wokulingana namalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Ukuyekiswa komthetho kwaba luloyiso olubalulekileyo lokulingana namalungelo oluntu elizweni. Sisikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kokulwela ukulingana namalungelo oluntu.
Uncedo olwahlukileyo Umthetho wesincoko sesincoko angama-400
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo wowe-1953 wanyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ngokumisela izibonelelo ezithile “njengabamhlophe bodwa” okanye “abangengabo abamhlophe bodwa”. Lo mthetho wenza ukuba akukho mthethweni ukuba abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo basebenzise iindawo ezifanayo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana neendawo zokutyela, izindlu zangasese, iilwandle neepaki. Lo mthetho wawuyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo yocalucalulo, inkqubo yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nengcinezelo eyayikho eMzantsi Afrika ukususela ngo-1948 ukuya kowe-1994.
ISeparate Amenities Act yapasiswa ngo-1953, kwaye yayiyenye yemithetho yokuqala eyawiswa ngexesha lenkqubo yocalucalulo. Lo mthetho wawusongezo soMthetho woBhaliso lwabemi ka-1950, owawuhlela bonke abemi boMzantsi Afrika ngokweendidi zobuhlanga. Ngokumisela izibonelelo ezithile “njengabamhlophe bodwa” okanye “abangengabo abamhlophe bodwa”, uMthetho wezinto eziHlanganisiweyo unyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
UMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo wahlangatyezwana nenkcaso emandla evela kwimithombo yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe. Uninzi lwamatshantliziyo kunye nemibutho yoMzantsi Afrika, efana neAfrican National Congress (ANC), bebewuchasile lo mthetho kwaye babambe uqhankqalazo kunye nemiboniso yokuwuchasa. IZizwe eziManyeneyo nazo zawisa izigqibo ezigxeka lo mthetho kwaye zifuna urhoxiswe.
Eyam impendulo kumthetho iSeparate Amenities Act yaba yeyothusayo kunye nokungakholelwa. Njengomntu oselula owakhulela eMzantsi Afrika, ndandiluqonda ucalucalulo lobuhlanga olwalukho, kodwa uMthetho Wokwahlulwahlulwa Kwezobulungisa wabonakala ukuthabathel’ indawo oku kucalucalulo. Kwakunzima ukukholelwa ukuba umthetho onjalo unokubakho kwilizwe lanamhlanje. Ndandivakalelwa kukuba lo mthetho wawunyhasha amalungelo abantu yaye ujongela phantsi isidima somntu.
ISeparate Amenities Act yapheliswa ngo-1991, kodwa ilifa lawo lisahleli eMzantsi Afrika nanamhla oku. Iziphumo zomthetho zisenokubonakala ekufikeleleni ngokungalingani kwezibonelelo zoluntu kunye neenkonzo phakathi kwamaqela eentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Lo mthetho ukwanempembelelo yexesha elide kwingqondo yabemi boMzantsi Afrika, kwaye iinkumbulo zale nkqubo yengcinezelo zisaqhubeka zikhathaza abantu abaninzi namhlanje.
Ukuqukumbela, uMthetho weZibonelelo ezaHlulwayo wowe-1953 wawuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yoCalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika. Lo mthetho unyanzelise ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ngokuchaza izibonelelo ezithile “njengabamhlophe bodwa” okanye “abangengabo abamhlophe bodwa”. Lo mthetho wahlangatyezwana nenkcaso emandla evela kwimithombo yasekhaya neyamazwe ngamazwe, waze watshitshiswa ngo-1991. Ilifa lalo mthetho lisahleli eMzantsi Afrika nanamhla oku, kwaye iinkumbulo zale nkqubo yengcinezelo zisakhathaza abantu abaninzi.
Uncedo olwahlukileyo Umthetho ocengayo Isincoko esingama-500 amagama
I-Separate Amenities Act yayingumthetho owaphunyezwa eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1953 owawuyilelwe ukwahlula amaziko oluntu kunye nezinto eziluncedo ngokobuhlanga. Lo mthetho wawuyinxalenye enkulu yenkqubo yocalucalulo, neyathi yawiswa ngumthetho ngo-1948. Yayisisiseko somgaqo-nkqubo wocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika. Yaba negalelo elikhulu ekwahlulweni kweendawo zoluntu kunye nezibonelelo kwilizwe.
UMthetho Wezinto Ezihlukeneyo uthi nayiphi na indawo kawonke-wonke, njengeepaki, iilwandle, izithuthi zikawonke wonke, inokwahlulwa ngokobuhlanga. Lo mthetho ukwavumela izikolo ezahlukeneyo, izibhedlele kunye neendawo zokuvota. Lo mthetho unyanzelise ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika. Yayiqinisekisa ukuba abemi abamhlophe bafikelela kwiindawo ezingcono kunabo bantsundu.
ISeparate Amenities Act yagxekwa kakhulu luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Amazwe amaninzi ayigxeka njengokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu kwaye athi mayirhoxiswe ngoko nangoko. EMzantsi Afrika, umthetho wahlangatyezwana noqhanqalazo kunye nokungathotyelwa koluntu. Abantu abaninzi abazange bavume ukuthobela lo mthetho, yaye izenzo ezininzi zokungathobeli umthetho zenziwa kuqhankqalazo loMthetho Owahlukeneyo Wezinto Eziluncedo.
Ngenxa yesikhalo samazwe ngamazwe, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wanyanzeleka ukuba awutshintshe umthetho. Ngo-1991, umthetho walungiswa ukuze uvumele ukudityaniswa kwamaziko oluntu. Esi sihlomelo yaba linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili kumlo ochasene nocalucalulo. Kwanceda ekuvuleni indlela yoluntu olulinganayo eMzantsi Afrika.
Impendulo yam kuMthetho wezoNcedo olwahlukileyo yaba kukungakholelwa nokuba nomsindo. Ndandingayikholelwa into yokuba lo mthetho ucalula ngokuphandle unokubakho kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje. Ndandivakalelwa kukuba umthetho wawujongela phantsi amalungelo abantu yaye unyathela ngendlela ecacileyo isidima somntu.
Ndakhuthazwa sisikhalo samazwe ngamazwe nxamnye nomthetho notshintsho olwenziwa kuwo ngowe-1991. Ndavakalelwa kukuba eli yayilinyathelo elikhulu lokulwa nocalucalulo kunye namalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika. Kwakhona ndavakalelwa kukuba yayilinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwicala elilungileyo elisingise kuluntu olulingana ngakumbi.
Ukuqukumbela, iSeparate Amenities Act ibinegalelo elikhulu ekwahlulweni kweendawo zoluntu kunye nezibonelelo eMzantsi Afrika. Lo mthetho wahlangatyezwa nokugxekwa ngokubanzi kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ekugqibeleni walungiswa ukuze uvumele ukudityaniswa kwezibonelelo zoluntu. Ukusabela kwam kulo mthetho yaba kukungakholelwa nokucaphuka, yaye ndakhuthazwa lutshintsho olwenziwa kuwo ngo-1991. Esi sihlomelo yayilinyathelo elikhulu lokulwa nocalucalulo kunye namalungelo oluntu eMzantsi Afrika.
isishwankathelo
ISeparate Amenities Act yayiyinxalenye yomthetho owamiselwa eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1953 ngexesha localucalulo. Lo mthetho wawujolise ekumiseleni ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ngokufuna izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezibonelelo zeentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, izinto eziluncedo zikawonke-wonke ezifana neepaki, iilwandle, amagumbi okuhlambela, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke, kunye neendawo zemfundo zahlulwa, kwaza kwahlulwa iindawo ezilungiselelwe abamhlophe, abantsundu, abebala, namaIndiya. Lo mthetho ukwanika urhulumente igunya lokumisela imimandla ethile “njengemimandla yabamhlophe” okanye “imimandla engeyoyabamhlophe,” inyanzelisa ngakumbi ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
Ukunyanzeliswa kwalo mthetho kukhokelele ekudalweni kwezibonelelo ezihlukeneyo nezingalinganiyo, apho abamhlophe befikelela kwiziseko ezingcono kunye nezibonelelo xa kuthelekiswa nabangengabo abamhlophe. ISeparate Amenities Act yayingomnye wemithetho emininzi yocalucalulo eyayinyanzelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga nocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika. Yahlala isebenza de yabhangiswa ngo-1990 njengenxalenye yeengxoxo zokuchitha ucalucalulo. Esi senzo sagxekwa ngokubanzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngenxa yobume baso obungenabulungisa nocalucalulo.