Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-100
Iozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomoya ojikeleze umhlaba ekhusela ubomi kwimiphumo eyingozi yemitha yeultraviolet (UV). Imi kwistratosphere, lo maleko ubhityileyo wegesi yeozone usebenza njengekhaka lokukhusela, ufunxa uninzi lwemitha yeUV-B neUV-C ekhutshwa lilanga. Ngaphandle kocwecwe lweozone, ubomi bebuya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu, njengoko ukuchanabeka ngokugqithiseleyo kwimitha yelanga yeUV kunokubangela ingozi eyongezelelekileyo yomhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo nokuncipha kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Noko ke, izinto ezenziwa ngabantu, ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwee<em>chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ziye zabangela ukuncipha kwalo maleko ubalulekileyo okhuselayo. Kunyanzelekile ukuba sithathe amanyathelo adibeneyo ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezitshabalalisa i-ozone kwaye sikhusele eli khaka libalulekileyo ukuze kuxhamle izizukulwana ezizayo.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-150
Ucweyo lweozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomoya wethu ojikeleze umhlaba, lusebenza njengesikhuselo esisikhuselayo kwimitha eyingozi yeultraviolet (UV) ekhutshwa lilanga. Ifumaneka kwi-stratosphere, yenziwe ziimolekyuli ze-ozone (O3) ezifunxa kwaye zinciphise inxalenye ebalulekileyo yemitha ye-UV ngaphambi kokuba ifike kumhlaba woMhlaba. Le nto yendalo ithintela imingcipheko yezempilo eyahlukeneyo, njengomhlaza wolusu kunye ne-cataract, kwaye ikhusela i-ecosystem ngokunciphisa umonakalo kubomi baselwandle kunye nezityalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-ozone-depleting substances, i-ozone layer iyancipha, ikhokelela ekubunjweni komngxuma we-ozone. Kunyanzelekile ukuba sithathe amanyathelo akhawulezileyo ukuthomalalisa ezi ziphumo zonakalisayo kwaye siqinisekise ukulondolozwa kweli khaka libaluleke kangaka ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-200
Iozone layer, ikhaka elikhuselayo kuMhlaba wethu, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ubomi kwisijikelezi-langa sethu. Ihamba malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-50 ngaphezu komphezulu woMhlaba, lo maleko ubalulekileyo ufunxa imitha ye-ultraviolet (UV) eyingozi evela eLangeni.
Ifana nengubo ekhuselayo, umaleko we-ozone uthintela uninzi lwemitha ye-UV-B eyingozi yeLanga ukuba ifike kumhlaba. Imitha ye-UV-B inokubangela imiba enzulu yezempilo efana nomhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo, kunye noxinzelelo lwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela.
Ukucuthwa kwe-ozone layer, ngenxa yeekhemikhali ezenziwe ngabantu ezaziwa ngokuba zii-ozone-depleting substances (ODS), kukhokelele kwinkxalabo ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo. Izinto ezifana nee-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ezikhutshwa kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso kunye nezitshizi ze-aerosol zifunyenwe zithoba kancinci umaleko we-ozone.
Iinzame zokulwa noku kuncipha ziye zaphumelela ubukhulu becala ngokuphunyezwa kwezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neSivumelwano saseMontreal. Lo mzamo wehlabathi jikelele ukhokelele ekuphelisweni kwe-ODS eyingozi, okubangele uzinzo kunye nokubuyiselwa kocweyo lwe-ozone. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiswa kwayo ngokupheleleyo.
Ukukhuselwa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-ozone layer kubaluleke kakhulu kwintlalontle yeplanethi kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kumanyathelo okunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-ODS, sinokukhusela ikamva eliphilileyo nelizinzileyo kubo bonke.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-250
Umaleko we-ozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeatmosfera yoMhlaba, emi kwistratosphere, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ukuya kuma-50 ngaphezu komphezulu woMhlaba. Indima yayo kukukhusela isijikelezi-langa kwimitha eyingozi yeultraviolet (UV) ekhutshwa lilanga. Ehlabathini lonke, i-ozone layer isebenza njengekhaka elingabonakaliyo, likhusela zonke iintlobo zobomi kwimiphumo eyingozi yemitha ye-UV egqithisileyo.
I-ozone layer iqulathe iimolekyuli ze-ozone (O3), ezenziwe xa iimolekyuli ze-oksijini (O2) zahlulwa yimitha yelanga kwaye emva koko ziphinda zihlanganiswe. Le nkqubo idala umjikelo apho iimolekyuli ze-ozone zifunxa imitha eyingozi ye-UV-B kunye ne-UV-C, ukuyithintela ekufikeni kumhlaba woMhlaba.
Ukubaluleka kwayo kuxhomekeke ekukhuselekeni kwayo kwimiphumo emibi yemitha yeUV. Ukuchanabeka ngokugqithiseleyo kwimitha yeUV kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo eyingozi, kuquka umhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo, nokucinezelwa kwamajoni omzimba.
Noko ke, izinto ezenziwa ngabantu ziye zakhokelela ekubeni izinto eziyingozi, ezinjengeechlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), zikhutshelwe emoyeni. Le michiza ibangela ukuphela kweozone, nto leyo ephumela “kwimingxuma yeozone” edume kakubi. Iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana neSivumelwano saseMontreal, zasekwa ukuze zicuthe kwaye ekugqibeleni ziphelise ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphelisa i-ozone layer.
Ukulondolozwa kocweyo lwe-ozone kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuxhaswe ubomi eMhlabeni. Ifuna inzame edibeneyo, kubandakanywa ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela ezihambelana ne-ozone kunye nokukhuthaza izenzo ezinoxanduva. Ukukhusela umaleko weozone akubalulekanga nje kwimpilo nakwimpilo-ntle yezizukulwana ezizayo kodwa nokulondoloza ulungelelwano oluethe-ethe lwenkqubo yendalo yesijikelezi-langa sethu.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-300
I-ozone layer ngumaleko obhityileyo okhuselayo obekwe kwistratosphere yoMhlaba, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ukuya kuma-50 ngaphezu komphezulu. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusikhuseleni kwimitha eyingozi yeultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni. I-ozone layer isebenza njenge-sunscreen yendalo, ikhusela imitha ye-UV egqithisileyo ukuba ifike kumhlaba womhlaba.
Iozone ngokuyintloko yenziwe ziimolekyuli zeozone, eziyilwa xa iimolekyuli zeoksijini (O2) zichanabeke kwimitha yeUV. Ezi molekyuli ze-ozone zifunxa uninzi lwemitha yelanga ye-UV-B kunye ne-UV-C, zithintele ukuba zifike kumphezulu apho zinokubangela imiba eyahlukeneyo yezempilo, njengomhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo, kunye nokucinezelwa kwamajoni omzimba ebantwini, kunye nomonakalo ubomi baselwandle kunye ne-ecosystem.
Ngelishwa, izinto ezenziwa ngabantu ziye zakhokelela ekuphelisweni kwe-ozone layer. Ukukhutshwa kwemichiza ethile, njengee<em>chlorofluorocarbon ( CFCs ) esetyenziswa kwi<em>aerosols, izikhenkcezisi neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso, kuye kwabangela ukucutheka okuphawulekayo kocwecwe lweozone. Oku kubhitya, okwaziwa ngokuba “ngumngxuma we-ozone,” kugqame kakhulu kwi-Antarctica ngexesha lentwasahlobo yaseMazantsi eHemisphere.
Iinzame zenziwe ukulungisa lo mba, njengokutyikitywa kweSivumelwano saseMontreal ngowe-1987, esasijolise ekupheliseni ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezitshabalalisa i-ozone. Ngenxa yoko, i-ozone layer ibonise iimpawu zokuchacha. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi jikelele kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwayo ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuqukumbela, i-ozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomoya wethu osingqongileyo esikhuselayo kwimitha eyingozi yeUV. Ukulondolozwa kwayo kubalulekile kwimpilo-ntle yabantu, izilwanyana kunye nendalo. Luxanduva lwethu ukuthatha amanyathelo anengqiqo nokuxhasa amanyathelo ajolise ekukhuseleni nasekubuyiseleni i-ozone layer ngenxa yesijikelezi-langa sethu kunye nezizukulwana ezizayo.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-350
I-ozone layer yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeatmosfera yethu, ebekwe kwistratosphere, malunga neekhilomitha ezisi-8 ukuya kuma-30 ngaphezu komphezulu woMhlaba. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ubomi kwisijikelezi-langa sethu ngokufunxa uninzi lwemitha yelanga eyingozi yeultraviolet (UV). I-ozone layer isebenza njengesikhuselo selanga eMhlabeni, sisikhusela kwiziphumo eziyingozi zemitha ye-UV egqithisileyo.
Idityaniswe ziiathom ezintathu zeoksijini (O3), i-ozone yimolekyuli esebenza kakhulu eyenziwe xa ukukhanya kwe-UV kunxibelelana neoksijini yemolekyuli (O2). Le nkqubo yenzeka ngokwemvelo kwaye ibibalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nenguquko yobomi eMhlabeni. Kuthiwa i-ozone "ingqindilili" kufuphi ne-ikhweyitha kwaye "incinci" ukuya kwiipali, ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo zemozulu.
Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezenziwa ngabantu zibe negalelo ekupheliseni lo maleko okhuselayo. Oyena nobangela uphambili ibe kukukhutshwa kweechlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ezifumaneka kwiimveliso ezifana nezitshizi zeaerosol, iinkqubo zokupholisa umoya nezikhenkcezisi. Xa zikhutshelwa emoyeni, ezi CFCs ziyenyuka zize ekugqibeleni zifike kucwecwe lweozone, apho ziqhekeka zize zikhuphe iiathom zeklorin. Ezi athom zeklorine zibangela ukusabela kwemichiza etshabalalisa iimolekyuli ze-ozone, nto leyo ephumela ekuncipheni kocwecwe lwe-ozone kuze kuvele “umngxuma weozone” odume kakubi.
Imiphumo yokuphela kwe-ozone iyingozi kakhulu, njengoko ukuphakama kwemitha ye-UV kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo eyingozi kwimpilo yabantu, kuquka umhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo, kunye nokuncipha kwenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Ukongeza, ukwanda kwemitha ye-UV kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwi-ikhosistim ngokuphazamisa ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo, i-phytoplankton, kunye nezinto eziphila emanzini.
Ukulwa nokuphela kocwecwe lwe-ozone, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwamkela iSivumelwano saseMontreal ngowe-1987. Esi sivumelwano sasijolise ekupheliseni ngokuthe ngcembe ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezitshabalalisa i-ozone. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ebonakalayo ekunciphiseni ukuveliswa nokusetyenziswa kwezi zinto, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubuyiselweni kocweyo lwe-ozone kwimimandla ethile.
Ukuqukumbela, i-ozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeatmosfera yethu ekhusela ubomi baseMhlabeni kwimitha eyingozi ye-UV. Nangona kunjalo, ijongene nezoyikiso ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu kunye nokukhululwa kwezinto ezichitha i-ozone. Ngeenzame zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokwazisa, sinokuqhubeka sigcina kwaye sibuyisela i-ozone layer, siqinisekisa iplanethi ekhuselekileyo nenempilo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Isincoko kuMaleko weOzone kuMazwi ali-500
I-ozone yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomoya ojikeleze umhlaba edlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni ubomi kwisijikelezi-langa sethu. Ikummandla westratosphere, ucweyo lweozone lusebenza njengekhaka, lufunxa inkoliso yemitha yelanga eyingozi ye<em>ultraviolet (UV) ekhutshwa lilanga. Ngaphandle kolu maleko olukhuselayo, ubomi njengoko sisazi ukuba bungangenzeki eMhlabeni.
Ukuqulunqwa kwegesi ebizwa ngokuba yi-ozone, i-ozone layer yenziwa xa iimolekyuli ze-oksijini (O2) zifumana uluhlu olunzima lokuphendula kwaye ziguqulwa zibe yi-ozone (O3). Olu tshintsho lwenzeka ngokwemvelo ngesenzo semitha yelanga ye-UV, eqhekeza iamolekyu ze-O2, evumela ukubunjwa kwe-ozone. Ngaloo ndlela ucwecwe lweozone luhlala luzihlaziya, lusinika ingubo yokukhusela ezinzileyo.
Ngombulelo kucwecwe lweozone, liqaqobana nje elincinane lemitha yelanga yeUV elifikelela emhlabeni. Uninzi lwemitha ye-UV-B kunye ne-UV-C ifunxwa yi-ozone, inciphisa imiphumo eyingozi kwizinto eziphilayo. Imitha ye-UV-B, ngokukodwa, iyaziwa ngemiphumo yayo eyonakalisayo kwimpilo yabantu, ebangela ukutshiswa lilanga, umhlaza wolusu, urhatyazo, kunye nokucinezelwa kwamajoni omzimba. Ukongeza, imitha ye-UV inokuba neziphumo ezibi kwi-ecosystem yaselwandle, imveliso yezolimo, kunye nokulingana kwendalo.
Ngelishwa, imisebenzi yabantu ibangele umonakalo omkhulu kwi-ozone layer kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza ethile, njengeechlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) kunye neehydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ezidla ngokufumaneka kwizikhenkcisi, ii-aerosol propellants, nezinto ezivuthela ugwebu, zikhuphela iklorin neekhompawundi zebromine emoyeni. Le michiza, yakuba ikhutshelwe emoyeni, ifak’ isandla ekutshatyalalisweni kweemolekyuli ze-ozone, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuyilweni kwemingxunya ye-ozone edume kakubi.
Ukufunyanwa komngxuma we-ozone e-Antarctic ngeminyaka yee-1980 kwalumkisa ihlabathi ngemfuneko engxamisekileyo yokwenza isenzo. Ukusabela, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lwadibana kwaye lwatyikitya iProtocol yaseMontreal ngo-1987, eyayijolise ekupheliseni ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezichitha i-ozone. Ukususela ngoko, kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ephawulekayo ekunciphiseni nasekupheliseni ukusetyenziswa kwale michiza iyingozi. Ngenxa yoko, ucweyo lweozone luchacha ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye umngxuma we<em>ozone eAntarctic uqalise ukuncipha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukubuyiselwa kwe-ozone yinkqubo eqhubekayo efuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kunye nentsebenziswano yehlabathi. Kubalulekile ukuba sihlale sithe qwa ekubekeni iliso ekuvelisweni nasekukhutshweni kwezinto ezitshabalalisa i-ozone, ngelixa sikwakhuthaza ukwamkelwa kwezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo nezinobungani kokusingqongileyo. Ukwazisa uluntu kunye nemfundo kubalulekile ekuhlakuleleni imvakalelo yoxanduva kunye nokuqonda ukubaluleka kokukhusela i-ozone layer.
Ukuqukumbela, iozone layer idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusikhuseleni kwimitha eyingozi yeUV. Ukulondolozwa kwayo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje kwimpilo-ntle yabantu kodwa nasekugcineni imixokomelwano yokuphilisana kwendalo kwihlabathi liphela. Ngokuthatha amanyathelo adibeneyo kunye nokwamkela izenzo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, sinokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-ozone layer ukwenzela izizukulwana ezizayo.