Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Isifinyezo
Icala likaBrown v. Board of Education laliyingqopha-mlando eNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-United States elanqunywa ngo-1954. Leli cala lalihilela inselele engokomthetho yokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwezikole zomphakathi ezifundazweni eziningana. Kuleli cala, iqembu labazali base-Afrika-baseMelika baphonsela inselelo umthethosisekelo wemithetho “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” ephoqelela ukuhlukaniswa ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwephule isiqinisekiso Sesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sokuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. INkantolo yathi ngisho noma izikhungo zemvelo zilingana, isenzo sokuhlukanisa izingane ngokohlanga lwazo sidale amathuba emfundo angalingani ngokwemvelo. Isinqumo sokuchitha imfundiso yangaphambilini ka-Plessy v. Ferguson “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” sasiyingqopha-mlando enkulumweni yamalungelo abantu. Kwaphawula ukuphela kokuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho ezikoleni zikahulumeni futhi kwabeka isibonelo sokuhlukaniswa kwezinye izikhungo zikahulumeni. Isinqumo se-Brown v. Board of Education saba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseMelika futhi savusa igagasi lokulwela amalungelo abantu kanye nezinselelo zomthetho ekuhlukaniseni. Ihlala ingesinye sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinamandla emlandweni waseMelika.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Ukubaluleka
Ukubaluleka kwecala lika-Brown v. Board of Education ngeke kugcizelelwe. Kwakuyisikhathi esibalulekile enhlanganweni yamalungelo abantu futhi saba nemiphumela efinyelela kude emphakathini waseMelika. Nakhu okunye ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile:
Iguquliwe "Ihlukene Kodwa Kuyalingana":
Lesi sinqumo sawuchitha ngokusobala isibonelo esabekwa ecaleni lika-Plessy v. Ferguson ngo-1896, elalisungule imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”. U-Brown v. Ibhodi Lezemfundo umemezele ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokwako kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo ngaphansi Kwesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezikole Zikahulumeni:
Lesi sinqumo sagunyaza ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zikahulumeni futhi saphawula ukuqala kokuphela kokuhlukaniswa okusemthethweni kwezemfundo. Kwavula indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwezinye izikhungo nezinsiza zikahulumeni, kwaphonsela inselelo ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga okwakugxilile ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukubaluleka Okungokomfanekiso:
Ngaphandle kwemithelela yalo yezomthetho nengokoqobo, icala linokubaluleka okungokomfanekiso okukhulu. Kwabonisa ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yayizimisele ukumelana nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga futhi yabonisa ukuzibophezela okubanzi kwamalungelo alinganayo nokuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.
Ivuse Umzabalazo Wamalungelo Abantu:
Lesi sinqumo sasusa igagasi lokulwela amalungelo abantu, kwaqubula inhlangano eyayilwela ukulingana nobulungiswa. Kwanika amandla futhi kwahlanganisa abantu base-Afrika baseMelika kanye nabalingani babo ukuze baphonsele inselelo ukucwaswa ngokobuhlanga nokucwasa kuzo zonke izici zokuphila.
Isandulela Somthetho:
Brown v. Board of Education wabeka isibonelo esibalulekile esingokomthetho emacaleni amalungelo omphakathi alandelayo. Yanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokubekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwezinye izikhungo zomphakathi, njengezindlu, ezokuthutha, nokuvota, okuholela ekunqobeni okwengeziwe ekulweleni ukulingana.
Ukusekela Izimiso Zomthethosisekelo:
Lesi sinqumo siphinde saqinisekisa umgomo wokuthi isigatshana sokuvikelwa okulinganayo kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sisebenza kuzo zonke izakhamuzi nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga akuhambisani nezimiso eziyisisekelo zoMthethosisekelo. Kwasiza ukuvikela amalungelo kanye nenkululeko yemiphakathi eyayincishwe amathuba kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili umsebenzi wobulungiswa bezinhlanga.
Sekukonke, icala likaBrown v. Board of Education lidlale indima yoguquko embuthweni wamalungelo abantu, okuholele enqubekelaphambili enkulu emzabalazweni wokulingana ngokobuhlanga nobulungiswa e-United States.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Isinqumo
Esinqumweni esiyingqopha-mlando sikaBrown v. Board of Education, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States yavumelana ngazwi linye ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwephule Isigaba Somthetho Seshumi Nane Sokuvikelwa Ngokulinganayo. Leli cala laqulwa eNkantolo ngo-1952 nango-1953 futhi lagcina linqunyiwe ngo-May 17, 1954. Umbono weNkantolo, owabhalwa uJaji Omkhulu u-Earl Warren, wathi “izikhungo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo.” Ithi noma ngabe izinsiza zomzimba zilingana, isenzo sokuhlukaniswa kwabafundi ngokohlanga lwabo sakha isigcwagcwa nomuzwa wokuzibona bengaphansi okunomthelela omubi emfundweni yabo nasekukhuleni kwabo kukonke. Inkantolo iwuchithile umbono wokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kungase kubhekwe njengomthethosisekelo noma okwamukelekayo ngaphansi kwezimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo zeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane. Isinqumo sachitha isibonelo sangaphambilini “esihlukene kodwa esilinganayo” esasungulwa ecaleni lika-Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), elalivumele ukuhlukaniswa inqobo nje uma kunezindawo ezilinganayo ezinikezwa uhlanga ngalunye. INkantolo yathi ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zikahulumeni ngokobuhlanga kwakungqubuzana ngokwemvelo futhi yayala izifundazwe ukuthi zihlukanise izinhlelo zazo zesikole “ngawo wonke amajubane ngamabomu.” Lesi sinqumo sabeka isisekelo sokuhlukaniswa kwezikhungo nezikhungo zomphakathi ezweni lonke. Isinqumo se-Brown v. Board of Education saba yinguquko embuthweni wamalungelo abantu futhi saphawula ukushintsha kwezomthetho mayelana nokulingana kwezinhlanga. Yagqugquzela imizamo yokuqeda ukuhlukana, kokubili ezikoleni nakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi, futhi yagqugquzela igagasi lezishoshovu nezinselele zomthetho ukuze kuqedwe imikhuba yokucwasa yangaleso sikhathi.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Background
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngesizinda secala likaBrown v. Ibhodi Lezemfundo ngokuqondile, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo obanzi wokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga e-United States phakathi nekhulu lama-20. Ngemva kokuqedwa kobugqila ngemva kweMpi Yombango YaseMelika, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika babhekana nokucwaswa nobudlova obuningi. Imithetho kaJim Crow yenziwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, iphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezindaweni zomphakathi njengezikole, amapaki, izindawo zokudlela kanye nezokuhamba. Le mithetho yayisekelwe kumgomo "ohlukene kodwa olinganayo", owawuvumela izakhiwo ezihlukene inqobo nje uma zithathwa njengezilingana ngekhwalithi. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu kanye nezishoshovu zaqala ukubekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga nokufuna amalungelo alinganayo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngo-1935, i-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yaqala uchungechunge lwezinselelo zomthetho zokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwezemfundo, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-NAACP's Education Campaign. Umgomo wawuwukuchitha imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” eyasungulwa yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sika-Plessy v. Ferguson ngo-1896. Isu lezomthetho le-NAACP laliwukubekela inselele ukungalingani kwezikole ezihlukanisiwe ngokubonisa ukungalingani okuhlelekile kwezinsiza, izinsiza, namathuba emfundo Abafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika. Manje, siphendukela ngokuqondile ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education: Ngo-1951, kwafakwa icala lekilasi egameni labazali abayishumi nantathu base-Afrika baseMelika e-Topeka, Kansas, yi-NAACP. U-Oliver Brown, omunye wabazali, wafuna ukubhalisa indodakazi yakhe, uLinda Brown, esikoleni samabanga aphansi esimhlophe qwa eduze kwasekhaya. Nokho, uLinda kwadingeka ukuthi aye esikoleni sabansundu esingahlali muntu esasiqhelelene kakhulu. I-NAACP yaphikisa ngokuthi izikole ezihlukanisiwe e-Topeka ngokwemvelo azilingani futhi zephula isiqinisekiso Sesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sokuvikelwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Icala lagcina selifinyelele eNkantolo Ephakeme njengoba uBrown v. Board of Education. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education sakhishwa ngo-May 17, 1954. Yachitha imfundiso “yokwehlukana kodwa kulingana” emfundweni yomphakathi futhi yanquma ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwephula uMthethosisekelo. Lesi sinqumo, esigunyazwe uJaji Elikhulu u-Earl Warren, saba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu futhi sabeka isibonelo esingokomthetho semizamo yokucwasa kwezinye izikhungo zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuqaliswa kwesinqumo seNkantolo kwahlangabezana nokuphikiswa ezifundazweni eziningi, okwaholela enqubweni ende yokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwawo-1950 nawo-1960.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Case Brief
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954) Amaqiniso: Icala lisuka emacaleni amaningana ahlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa noBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Abamangali, izingane zase-Afrika zaseMelika, kanye nemindeni yabo baphonsela inselelo ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zomphakathi eKansas, Delaware, South Carolina naseVirginia. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga emfundweni yomphakathi kwephula Isigaba Sokuvikeleka Esilinganayo seSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane. Udaba: Inkinga eyinhloko eyayiphambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yayiwukuthi ingabe ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kungasekelwa ngokomthethosisekelo ngaphansi kwemfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” eyasungulwa yisinqumo sika-Plessy v. Ferguson ngo-1896, noma uma yephula isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa esilinganayo seShumi Nane Ukuchitshiyelwa. Isinqumo: INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo ngazwi linye ivuna abamangali, yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zikahulumeni kwakuphambene nomthethosisekelo. Izizathu: Inkantolo ihlole umlando kanye nenjongo Yesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane futhi yaphetha ngokuthi abakhi bozimele babengahlosile ukuthi ivumele imfundo ehlukanisiwe. INkantolo yabona ukuthi imfundo ibalulekile ekukhuleni komuntu nokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kudala umuzwa wokuzizwa uphansi. INkantolo yenqabile imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo,” yathi ngisho noma izakhiwo zomzimba zilingana, isenzo sokuhlukanisa abafundi ngokusekelwe kuhlanga sakha ukungalingani okungokwemvelo. Ukuhlukaniswa, iNkantolo ibambe, kwaphuca abafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika amathuba alinganayo emfundo. INkantolo yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga emfundweni yomphakathi kwephule ngokwemvelo Isigaba Somthetho Wokuvikela Okulinganayo Esichibiyelwe Seshumi Nane. Yamemezela ukuthi izikhungo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani futhi yayala ukuba izikole zikahulumeni zihlukaniswe “ngawo wonke amajubane amabomu.” Okubalulekile: Isinqumo sikaBrown v. Ibhodi Lezemfundo sachitha isibonelo “esihlukanisiwe kodwa esilinganayo” esasungulwa u-Plessy v. Ferguson futhi samemezela ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kungqubuzana nomthethosisekelo. Kwaphawula ukunqoba okukhulu kwenhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu, kwagqugquzela ubushoshovu obengeziwe, futhi kwabeka isiteji semizamo yokucwasa abantu kulo lonke elase-United States. Lesi sinqumo sibe yingqophamlando ekulweni nokulingana kwezinhlanga futhi sihlala singelinye lamacala abaluleke kakhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme emlandweni waseMelika.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Impact
Isinqumo sikaBrown v. Board of Education saba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseMelika kanye nenhlangano yamalungelo abantu. Eminye yemithelela ebalulekile ihlanganisa:
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezikole:
Isinqumo sikaBrown samemezela ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zikahulumeni okuphambene nomthethosisekelo futhi sagunyaza ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole. Lokhu kwaholela ekuhlanganisweni kancane kancane kwezikole kulo lonke elase-United States, nakuba inqubo yahlangabezana nokuphikiswa futhi kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ukufeza ngokugcwele.
Isandulela Somthetho:
Lesi sinqumo sabeka isibonelo esibalulekile esingokomthetho sokuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kwakungqubuzana nomthethosisekelo futhi kwephula isiqinisekiso esilinganayo sokuvikelwa Kwesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane. Lesi sibonelo kamuva sasetshenziswa ukuze kuphonselwe inselelo ukuhlukaniswa kwezinye izindawo zempilo yomphakathi, okuholele ekutheni kube nomnyakazo obanzi wokulwa nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga.
Uphawu Lokulingana:
Isinqumo sikaBrown saba uphawu lomzabalazo wokulingana namalungelo omphakathi e-United States. Yayimelela ukwenqatshwa kwemfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo” kanye nokungalingani kwayo okungokwemvelo. Lesi sinqumo sigqugquzele futhi sanikeza amandla izishoshovu zamalungelo omphakathi, sabanikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho nesokuziphatha sokulwa nokucwasana nokucwasa.
Okunye Ukulwela Amalungelo Oluntu:
Isinqumo sikaBrown sabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuqiniseni inhlangano yamalungelo abantu. Yanikeza izishoshovu inkulumo ecacile yezomthetho futhi yabonisa ukuthi izinkantolo zazizimisele ukungenelela ekulweni nokucwasana ngokobuhlanga. Lesi sinqumo sigqugquzele ukuqhubeka kobushoshovu, imibhikisho, kanye nezinselelo zomthetho ukuze kuqedwe ukuhlukana kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi.
Amathuba Ezemfundo:
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole kwavulela amathuba emfundo kubafundi base-Afrika-baseMelika ababenqatshelwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlanganiswa kwavumela izinsiza ezithuthukisiwe, izinsiza, kanye nokufinyelela emfundweni esezingeni eliphezulu. Kwasiza ukudiliza izithiyo zesistimu kwezemfundo futhi kwanikeza isisekelo sokulingana okukhulu nethuba.
Umthelela Obanzi Kumalungelo Abantu:
Isinqumo sikaBrown saba nomthelela omubi emizabalazweni yamalungelo abantu ngaphandle kwemfundo. Kwabeka inkundla yezinselele ngokumelene nezindawo ezihlukanisiwe zezokuthutha, izindlu, nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. Lesi sinqumo sacashunwa emacaleni alandelayo futhi sasebenza njengesisekelo sokuqeda ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga ezindaweni eziningi zempilo yomphakathi.
Sekukonke, isinqumo sikaBrown v. Board of Education sibe nomthelela woguquko ekulweni nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga kanye nokungalingani e-United States. Ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imbangela yamalungelo omphakathi, yagqugquzela ukuqhubeka kobushoshovu, kanye nokubeka isibonelo esingokomthetho sokuqeda ukucwasa ngokwebala.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Ukuchitshiyelwa
Icala likaBrown v. Board of Education alizange libandakanye ukusungulwa noma ukuchitshiyelwa kwanoma yiziphi izichibiyelo zomthethosisekelo. Esikhundleni salokho, icala laligxile ekuchazeni nasekusetshenzisweni Kwesigaba Somthetho Sokuvikela Esilinganayo Sesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane soMthethosisekelo wase-United States. I-Equal Protection Clause, etholakala eSigabeni 1 Sesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane, ithi akukho mbuso "ozonqabela noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwamandla awo ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho." INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni sayo ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education, yathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwephula lesi siqinisekiso sokuvikelwa esilinganayo. Nakuba icala lingazange lichibiyele ngokuqondile noma yiziphi izinhlinzeko zomthethosisekelo, isinqumo salo sabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekubumbeni incazelo yeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane futhi siqinisekisa isimiso sokuvikela ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Isinqumo sibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuliseni ukuvikelwa komthethosisekelo wamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi endabeni yokulingana kwezinhlanga.
Brown v Ibhodi Lezemfundo Umbono Ophikisayo
Kube nemibono eminingana ephikisanayo ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education, elimele imibono yamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme ahlukahlukene. Amajaji amathathu afaka imibono ephikisayo: UJustice Stanley Reed, Justice Felix Frankfurter, kanye noJustice John Marshall Harlan II. Embonweni wakhe ophikisayo, uJustice Stanley Reed uthe iNkantolo kufanele ihoxise igatsha lezomthetho kanye nenqubo yezepolitiki ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba zokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga kwezemfundo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi kufanele ize ngenkulumompikiswano yomphakathi kanye nezinqubo zentando yeningi kunokuba ngokungenelela kwezomthetho. UJustice Reed uzwakalise ukukhathazeka mayelana neNkantolo eyeqa igunya layo futhi igxambukela kumgomo we-federalism ngokuphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ebhentshini. Ekuphikiseni kwakhe, uJustice Felix Frankfurter wagomela ngokuthi iNkantolo kufanele ihambisane nomgomo wokuvinjelwa kwezomthetho futhi ihoxise isibonelo esimisiwe esibekwe ecaleni lika-Plessy v. Ferguson. Wagomela ngokuthi imfundiso “yokuhlukana kodwa kuyalingana” kufanele ihlale injalo ngaphandle kwalapho kunokuboniswa okucacile kwenhloso yokubandlulula noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engalingani kwezemfundo. UJustice Frankfurter wayekholelwa ukuthi iNkantolo akufanele iphambuke endleleni yayo evamile yokuhlonipha ukuthathwa kwezinqumo komthetho kanye nesigungu esiphezulu. UJustice John Marshall Harlan II, ngokombono wakhe ophikisayo, uzwakalise ukukhathazeka mayelana nokubukela phansi kweNkantolo amalungelo ezifundazwe kanye nokusuka kwayo ekuvinjweni yinkantolo. Uveze ukuthi iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane asikuvimbeli ngokusobala ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga nokuthi inhloso yalokhu kuchitshiyelwa kwakungekona ukubhekana nezindaba zokulingana kwezinhlanga kwezemfundo. UJustice Harlan wayekholelwa ukuthi isinqumo seNkantolo seqa igunya laso futhi sangena emandleni abekelwe izifundazwe. Le mibono ephikisanayo ibonise imibono ehlukene ngeqhaza leNkantolo ekusingatheni izindaba zokucwaswa ngokwebala kanye nokuchazwa kwesichibiyelo seshumi nane. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu kuphikisana, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education saba umbono weningi futhi ekugcineni saholela ekuhlukanisweni kwezikole zomphakathi e-United States.
Plessy v Ferguson
Icala lika-Plessy v. Ferguson laliyingqopha-mlando eNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-United States elanqunywa ngo-1896. Leli cala lalihilela inselele engokomthetho yomthetho waseLouisiana owawudinga ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga ezitimeleni. U-Homer Plessy, owathathwa njengomuntu wase-Afrika waseMelika ngaphansi “komthetho weconsi elilodwa” waseLouisiana, wephule ngamabomu umthetho ukuze ahlole ukuthi uhambisana nomthethosisekelo. UPlessy wagibela imoto yesitimela “emhlophe kuphela” futhi wenqaba ukuya kule moto “enemibala” eqokiwe. Waboshwa wabekwa icala lokwephula umthetho. UPlessy waphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wephula Isigaba Sokuvikela Esilinganayo Sesichibiyelo Seshumi Nane soMthethosisekelo wase-United States, esiqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-7-1, yavumelana nokuvumelana nomthethosisekelo waseLouisiana. Umbono weningi, obhalwe nguJustice Henry Billings Brown, wasungula imfundiso “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”. INkantolo yathi ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu kwakungokomthethosisekelo inqobo nje uma izinsiza ezihlukene ezihlinzekelwe izinhlanga ezahlukene zilingana ngekhwalithi. Isinqumo ecaleni lika-Plessy v. Ferguson savumela ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga okusemthethweni futhi saba isibonelo esingokomthetho esakha inkambo yobudlelwane bobuhlanga e-United States amashumi eminyaka. Lesi sinqumo senza imithetho nezinqubomgomo ze-“Jim Crow” zibe semthethweni ezweni lonke, eziphoqelela ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kanye nokucwasa ezicini ezihlukahlukene zempilo yomphakathi. U-Plessy v. Ferguson waba njengesibonelo kwaze kwaba yilapho sichithwa yisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esavumelana ngazwi linye ecaleni likaBrown v. Board of Education ngo-1954. Isinqumo sikaBrown sathi ukucwaswa ngokwebala ezikoleni zikahulumeni kwephula I-Equal Protection Clause futhi kwaba noshintsho olukhulu ekulweni nobandlululo. ukulwa nokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga e-United States.
Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu of 1964
Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 ungumthetho oyingqopha-mlando ovimbela ukucwasa okusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Kubhekwa njengenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zomthetho wamalungelo abantu emlandweni wase-United States. Umthetho wasayinwa waba umthetho nguMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson ngoJulayi 2, 1964, ngemva kwenkulumompikiswano ende neyizingxabano kuKhongolose. Inhloso yawo eyinhloko kwakuwukuqeda ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga nokucwasa okwakuqhubeka ezicini ezihlukahlukene zempilo yomphakathi, okuhlanganisa izikole, ukuqashwa, izikhungo zomphakathi namalungelo okuvota. Izinhlinzeko ezibalulekile zoMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 zihlanganisa:
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezindawo Zomphakathi Isihloko I Somthetho sivimbela ukucwasa noma ukuhlukaniswa ezindaweni zomphakathi, njengamahhotela, izindawo zokudlela, amatiyetha namapaki. Ithi abantu abanakunqatshelwa ukufinyelela noma ukuphathwa ngendlela engalingani kulezi zindawo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga lwabo, ibala, inkolo, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe.
Ukungacwasi Esihlokweni II Sezinhlelo Ezixhaswe Nguhulumeni sivimbela ukucwasa kunoma yiluphi uhlelo noma umsebenzi othola usizo lwezezimali lukahulumeni. Ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo, ezihlanganisa imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.
I-Equal Employment Opportunity Isihloko III siyakwenqabela ukucwaswa ngokomsebenzi okusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Isungule i-Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), enesibopho sokuphoqelela nokuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemibandela yoMthetho.
Ukuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Okuvota Isihloko IV Somthetho Wamalungelo Abantu sihlanganisa izinhlinzeko ezihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota kanye nokulwa nemikhuba yokucwasa, njengezintela ze-poll kanye nokuhlolwa kokukwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Igunyaze uhulumeni wobumbano ukuthi athathe isinyathelo sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota futhi aqinisekise ukufinyelela okulinganayo kunqubo yokhetho. Ukwengeza, uMthetho ubuye wakha i-Community Relations Service (CRS), esebenzela ukuvimbela nokuxazulula izingxabano zobuhlanga nezobuzwe kanye nokukhuthaza ukuqonda nokusebenzisana phakathi kwemiphakathi eyahlukene.
Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964 wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imbangela yamalungelo omphakathi e-United States nokuqeda ukucwasa okuhleliwe. Kusukela lapho iye yaqiniswa imithetho eyalandela yamalungelo omphakathi kanye nemithetho emelene nokucwasa, kodwa isalokhu iyingqophamlando emzabalazweni oqhubekayo wokulingana nobulungiswa.