Introduction
Kutsimikizira ndi kusunga zofuna za Afrikaner chinali cholinga chachikulu cha chipani cha National Party (NP) pamene chinasankhidwa kukhala mu ulamuliro ku South Africa mu 1948. Pambuyo pa Constitution ya 1961, yomwe inalanda ufulu wa anthu akuda ku South Africa kuvota, National Party inapitirizabe kulamulira. South Africa kudzera mu Apartheid.
Udani ndi ziwawa zinali zofala mu nthawi ya tsankho. Magulu odana ndi tsankho ku South Africa adapempha kuti mayiko alandire zilango ku boma la Africaner kutsatira kuphedwa kwa Sharpeville mu 1960, komwe kudapha anthu 69 ochita ziwonetsero zakuda (South African History Online).
Tsankho silinayimire mokwanira zofuna za Afirikani, malinga ndi Aafrikaners ambiri omwe amakayikira kudzipereka kwa NP kuti apitirizebe. Anthu aku South Africa amadzitcha okha Afirikani pamitundu komanso ndale. Boers, kutanthauza 'alimi,' ankatchedwanso Afrikaners mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950.
Afrikaner Nationalism Essay Full Essay
Ngakhale ali ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana, mawuwa amatha kusinthana. National Party inkayimira zofuna zonse ku South Africa kusanachitike tsankho ngati chipani chotsutsana ndi ma imperialism aku Britain. Choncho, okonda dziko ankafuna ufulu wathunthu ku Britain osati ndale (White), komanso zachuma (Autarky) ndi chikhalidwe (Davenport).
Afro-Afro-Afirika, akuda, achikuda, ndi Amwenye anali mitundu inayi ikuluikulu mu South Africa mkati mwanthaŵi imeneyi. Panthawiyo, gulu lolamulira linali lopangidwa ndi azungu omwe amalankhula Chiafirikani: amati akuda ndi achikuda adabweretsedwa kuntchito mwachisawawa panthawi ya atsamunda-akoloni, kotero kuti analibe mbiri kapena chikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, Africaner nationalism idakhala ngati lingaliro la preservationist (Davenport) la cholowa choyera.
Mbiri Yaku South Africa
Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu aku India m'boma ndi ndale kukuwonetsa kuti dziko la Africaner likuyamba kuphatikizika pomwe amwenye amadziwika kuti ndi nzika zaku South Africa.
Pa nthawi ya tsankho, azungu a ku South Africa ankalankhula Chiafirikani, chinenero chochokera ku Chidatchi. Monga chilankhulo chovomerezeka ku South Africa, Afrikaner yakhala liwu lodziwika bwino pofotokoza mitundu yonse komanso chilankhulo chake.
Chilankhulo cha Chiafirikani chinapangidwa ndi anthu osauka azungu monga m'malo mwa chilankhulo cha Chidatchi. Chiafirikani sichinaphunzitsidwe kwa anthu olankhula anthu akuda pa nthawi ya tsankho, zomwe zinachititsa kuti atchulidwenso kuti Aafrikaner m'malo mwa Chiafrikaans.
Chipani cha Het Volk (Norden) chinakhazikitsidwa ndi DF Malan ngati mgwirizano pakati pa maphwando a Afrikaner, monga Afrikaner bond ndi Het Volk. United Party (UP) idapangidwa ndi JBM Hertzog mu 1939 atachoka pamapiko ake omasuka kwambiri ndikupanga maboma atatu otsatizana a NP kuyambira 1924 mpaka 1939.
Anthu akuda aku South Africa adalimbikitsidwa kuti akhale ndi ufulu wochulukirapo panthawiyi ndi chipani chotsutsa cha United Party, chomwe chinachotsa tsankho m'magawo osiyana omwe amadziwika kuti Grand Apartheid, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti azungu amatha kulamulira zomwe anthu akuda adachita m'madera awo (Norden).
Chipani cha National
Anthu a ku South Africa adagawidwa m'magulu amitundu potengera maonekedwe awo komanso chikhalidwe chawo pazachuma pansi pa lamulo la Population Registration Act lokhazikitsidwa ndi NP atagonjetsa United Party mu 1994. mphamvu ndi Afrikanerbond ndi Het Volk.
Idakhazikitsidwa mu 1918 kuti athane ndi zovuta zomwe zidapangidwa ndi Britain imperialism (Norden) pakati pa Afirikani mwa "kuwalamulira ndi kuwateteza". Anali azungu okha omwe adalowa mu mgwirizano wa Afrikaner chifukwa ankangokonda zofuna zawo: chinenero, chikhalidwe, ndi ufulu wa ndale kuchokera ku British.
Chiafrikaans chinadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zilankhulo zovomerezeka ku South Africa mu 1925 ndi Afrikaner bond, yomwe inakhazikitsa Afrikaanse Taal-en Kultuurvereniging. Komanso, NP inayamba kuthandizira zochitika za chikhalidwe monga makonsati ndi magulu a achinyamata kuti abweretse Achiafrika pansi pa mbendera imodzi (Hankins) ndikuwasonkhanitsa ku chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe.
Panali magulu m'gulu la National Party omwe anali okhudzana ndi kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, m'malo mokhala gulu limodzi: mamembala ena adazindikira kuti amafunikira chithandizo chambiri kuti apambane zisankho za 1948.
Mutha kuwerenganso zolemba zina zomwe zatchulidwa patsamba lathu kwaulere,
Dziko la Afrikaner
Polimbikitsa dziko lachikhristu kwa anthu a ku South Africa, National Party inalimbikitsa nzika kuti zilemekeze kusiyana ndi kuopa kusiyana kwawo, motero kupeza mavoti kuchokera ku Afrikaners (Norden). Lingaliroli likhoza kuonedwa ngati latsankho popeza palibe kufanana komwe kumazindikiridwa pakati pa mafuko; m’malo mwake, inalimbikitsa kulamulira chigawo choperekedwa kwa anthu akuda popanda kuwaphatikiza m’magulu ena.
Chifukwa cha tsankho, anthu akuda ndi azungu adagawanikana pazandale komanso pazachuma. Chifukwa chakuti azungu amatha kupeza nyumba zabwino, sukulu, ndi mwayi woyendayenda, tsankho linakhala dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu lomwe limakonda azungu olemera (Norden).
Popeza mavoti a anthu a ku Africaner mu 1948, National Party idayamba kulamulira pang'onopang'ono ngakhale kuti poyamba ankatsutsa tsankho. Iwo adakhazikitsa tsankho patatha chaka chimodzi atapambana chisankho, monga lamulo la federal lolola azungu a ku South Africa kutenga nawo mbali pazandale popanda ufulu wovota (Hankins).
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, pansi pa Pulezidenti Dr. NP, njira yowawa yolamulira anthu inakhazikitsidwa. Pochotsa Chingelezi ndi Chiafrikaans m'masukulu ndi maofesi a boma, Hendrik Verwoerd adatsegula njira yopititsira patsogolo chikhalidwe cha Afrikaner kumene azungu amakondwerera kusiyana kwawo kusiyana ndi kuwabisa (Norden).
Khadi lovomerezeka lovomerezeka linaperekedwanso ndi NP kwa akuda nthawi zonse. Chifukwa chosowa chilolezo chovomerezeka, adaletsedwa kuchoka m'dera lawo.
Dongosolo loyang'anira chikhalidwe cha anthu linapangidwa kuti lilamulire gulu lakuda ndi apolisi oyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbadwa ziwope kupita kumadera omwe adapatsidwa mitundu ina (Norden). Chifukwa cha kukana kwa Nelson Mandela kugonjera ku ulamuliro wa azungu ochepa, ANC yake inalowa nawo m'magulu otsutsa tsankho.
Kupyolera mu kupanga bantustans, gulu lokonda dziko linasunga umphawi wa Africa ndikuletsa kumasulidwa kwake. Ngakhale kuti ankakhala m’dera losauka la dzikoli, anthu akum’mwera kwa Africa ankayenera kulipira misonkho ku boma loyera (Norden) chifukwa anthustans anali malo osungidwa makamaka nzika zakuda.
Monga mbali ya ndondomeko za NP, anthu akuda amafunikiranso kunyamula zitupa. Mwanjira imeneyi, apolisi anatha kuyang’anitsitsa kayendedwe kawo ndi kuwamanga ngati alowa m’dera losankhidwa ndi mtundu wina. “Asilikali achitetezo” analanda matauni mmene anthu akuda ankachitira zionetsero kuti boma silinawachitire chilungamo ndipo anamangidwa kapena kuphedwa.
Kupatula kukanidwa kuyimilira mu Nyumba Yamalamulo, nzika zakuda zidalandira maphunziro ochepa komanso chithandizo chamankhwala kuposa azungu (Hankins). Nelson Mandela adakhala purezidenti woyamba wa South Africa yademokalase mu 1994 pambuyo poti NP idalamulira nthawi ya tsankho ku South Africa kuyambira 1948 mpaka 1994.
Ambiri mwa mamembala a NP anali Afirikani omwe amakhulupirira kuti ufumu wa Britain "unawononga" dziko lawo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse chifukwa cha British imperialism (Walsh). Komanso, chipani cha National Party chinagwiritsa ntchito 'Christian Nationalism' kuti apambane mavoti a anthu a ku Africaner ponena kuti Mulungu ndi amene adalenga mitundu ya dziko lapansi choncho ayenera kulemekezedwa osati kuopedwa (Norden).
Komabe, lingaliro limeneli likhoza kuwonedwa kukhala latsankho popeza silinazindikire kufanana pakati pa mafuko; idangonena kuti anthu akuda azikhala odziyimira pawokha m'madera omwe apatsidwa m'malo mophatikizana ndi ena. Chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa NP pa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Nzika zakuda sizimanyalanyaza kusalungama kwa tsankho koma zinalibe mphamvu zothana nazo.
Chifukwa cha ufumu wa Britain pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Aafrikana anathandizira kwambiri National Party. Chipanichi chinkafuna kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe chosiyana kuti azungu azikhala ndi udindo wolamulira boma. Katswiri wa tsankho Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd adalimbikitsa tsankho lalikulu pakati pa anthu akuda ndi azungu pa nthawi ya Prime Minister wake pakati pa 1948 ndi 1952.
A Nordics ankakhulupirira kuti kusiyana kuyenera kulandiridwa m'malo mowopedwa chifukwa pali kusiyana kosatheka komwe gulu limodzi lidzalamulira nthawi zonse. Ngakhale Hankins adanenanso kuti nzika zakuda zizikhalabe m'mabwalo awo m'malo mophatikizana ndi zikhalidwe zina (Hankins), adalephera kuzindikira magulu 'osagwirizana' awa ngati ofanana.
Kuphatikiza pa kufuna kuti anthu akuda azinyamula zitupa, a NP adapereka malamulo oti achite izi. Apolisi adatha kuyang'anitsitsa kayendedwe kawo mosavuta chifukwa cha izi. Akagwidwa akuwoloka kumalo osankhidwa a mtundu wina, amamangidwa.
Nelson Mandela anasankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti woyamba wakuda wa South Africa (Norden) pa April 27, 1994, kusonyeza kutha kwa tsankho. M'mawu ake atakhala pulezidenti, Mandela adanena momveka bwino kuti analibe cholinga chonyozetsa Afrikaners. M'malo mwake adafuna kupititsa patsogolo zinthu zabwino pomwe akukonzanso "mbali zosafunikira kwambiri za mbiri ya Africaner" (Hendricks).
Ponena za machimo a tsankho, iye ankalimbikitsa Choonadi ndi Chiyanjanitso m’malo mobwezera, kulola mbali zonse kukambirana zimene zinachitika popanda kuopa chilango kapena kubwezera.
Mandela, yemwe adathandizira kukhazikitsa boma latsopano la ANC atataya chisankho, sanathetse NP koma adalimbikitsa kuyanjanitsa pakati pa Aafrikaner ndi anthu omwe si Achiafrikana pobweretsa chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya Afrikaner patsogolo pa kuyanjanitsa mitundu.
Ngakhale kuti anali amitundu, anthu aku South Africa amatha kuwonera limodzi masewera a rugby chifukwa masewerawa adakhala chinthu chogwirizanitsa dziko. Anthu akuda omwe ankasewera masewera amawonera kanema wawayilesi, ndikuwerenga manyuzipepala mosaopa kuzunzidwa anali chiyembekezo cha Nelson Mandela kwa iwo (Norden).
Tsankho linathetsedwa mu 1948, koma Africaners sanatheretu. Ngakhale kuti masewera amitundu yosiyanasiyana sakutanthauza kuti NP sakulamuliranso dzikoli, zimabweretsa chiyembekezo kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo ya ku South Africa kuti igwirizane ndi zakale kusiyana ndi kukhala mwamantha.
Anthu akuda ku South Africa sangaone kuti azungu ndi opondereza chifukwa amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Afirika. Mandela akachoka paudindo, zidzakhala zosavuta kupeza mtendere pakati pa anthu akuda ndi azungu. Cholinga chokhazikitsa maubwenzi abwino pakati pa mitundu ndikofunika kwambiri tsopano kuposa kale, monga Nelson Mandela adzapuma pa June 16, 1999.
Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Nelson Mandela, Aafrikana adamvanso bwino ndi udindo wawo pakati pa anthu chifukwa boma la azungu linabweretsedwa m'zaka za zana la 21. Purezidenti Jacob Zuma atsala pang'ono kusankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri waku South Africa mu 2009 ngati mtsogoleri wa ANC (Norden).
Pomaliza,
Popeza kuti chipani cha NP chinali ndi mphamvu zambiri potengera thandizo la anthu ovota a ku Africaner, adatha kukhalabe ndi ulamuliro pa Nyumba ya Malamulo mpaka atalephera kusankhidwa; motero, azungu anali ndi nkhawa kuti kuvotera chipani china kungapangitse mphamvu zambiri kwa anthu akuda, zomwe zingapangitse kuti azungu ataya mwayi chifukwa cha mapulogalamu ovomerezeka ngati atavotera chipani china.