Isingeniso
Ukuqinisekisa nokugcina izithakazelo zamaBhunu kwakuyinhlosongqangi ye-National Party (NP) ngenkathi ikhethwa ukuthi iphathe eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1948. Ngemva koMthethosisekelo ka-1961, owaphuca abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika amalungelo abo okuvota, iNational Party yaqhubeka nokulawula. iNingizimu Afrika nge-Apartheid.
Ubutha nodlame kwakuvamile ngesikhathi sobandlululo. Izinhlangano ezimelene nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika zanxenxa ukuthi kube nezijeziso zamazwe ngamazwe ngokumelene nohulumeni wamaBhunu kulandela isibhicongo saseSharpeville sango-1960, esaholela ekufeni kwababhikishi abamnyama abangama-69 (South African History Online).
Ubandlululo lwalungazimele ngokwanele izimfuno zamaBhunu, ngokusho kwamaBhunu amaningi ayengabaza ukuzibophezela kweNP ekulondolozeni lolu hlelo. Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bazibiza ngamaBhunu ngokobuhlanga nangokombusazwe. Amabhunu, okusho ukuthi 'abalimi,' nawo ayebizwa ngokuthi amaBhunu kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950.
I-Afrikaner Nationalism Essay Indatshana Egcwele
Nakuba enezincazelo ezihlukene, la magama ayashintshana ngandlela thize. I-National Party yayimele zonke izithakazelo zaseNingizimu Afrika ngaphambi kobandlululo njengeqembu eliphikisana ne-imperialism yaseBrithani. Ngakho-ke, abashisekeli bezwe bafuna ukuzimela okuphelele eBrithani hhayi nje kwezombusazwe (White), kodwa futhi ngokwezomnotho (Autarky) namasiko (Davenport).
Ama-Afro-Afrika, abamnyama, abebala, namaNdiya kwakuyizizwe ezine eziyinhloko eNingizimu Afrika phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi, isigaba esibusayo sakhiwe abantu abamhlophe abakhuluma isiBhunu: babethi abamnyama namakhaladi balethwa ukuze basebenze ngokungazikhetheli ngesikhathi se-settler-colonialism, ngakho babengenawo umlando noma isiko. Ngakho-ke, ubuzwe bamaBhunu busebenza njengombono we-preservationist (Davenport) wamagugu amhlophe.
Umlando waseNingizimu Afrika
Ukwanda kokubamba iqhaza kwabantu baseNdiya kuhulumeni nakwezepolitiki kukhomba ukuthi ubuzwe bamaBhunu sebuqala ukubandakanya wonke umuntu njengoba amaNdiya ehlonishwa njengabantu baseNingizimu Afrika.
Ngesikhathi sobandlululo, abamhlophe baseNingizimu Afrika babekhuluma isiBhunu, ulimi olususelwa olimini lwesiDashi. Njengolimi olusemthethweni lwaseNingizimu Afrika, isiBhunu sekuyigama elivamile ukuchaza kokubili isizwe nolimi lwaso.
Ulimi lwesiBhunu lwathuthukiswa abantu abamhlophe abampofu njengenye indlela yolimi lwesiDashi olujwayelekile. IsiBhunu asizange sifundiswe abantu abamnyama ngesikhathi sobandlululo nokwaholela ekutheni siqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi isiBhunu esikhundleni sesiBhunu.
Iqembu le-Het Volk (Norden) lasungulwa ngu-DF Malan njengomfelandawonye phakathi kwamaqembu amaBhunu, njenge-Afrikaner bond kanye ne-Het Volk. I-United Party (UP) yasungulwa ngu-JBM Hertzog ngo-1939 ngemuva kokuba ehlubuke ophikweni lwakhe olukhululekile ukuze akhe ohulumeni be-NP abalandelanayo kusukela ngo-1924 kuya ku-1939.
Abantu abaNsundu baseNingizimu Afrika banxenxwa ngempumelelo ukuze bathole amalungelo engeziwe ngalesi sikhathi yiqembu eliphikisayo i-United Party, elaqeda ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga emikhakheni ehlukene yethonya eyaziwa ngokuthi iGrand Apartheid, okusho ukuthi abamhlophe bangakwazi ukulawula lokho okwenziwa abamnyama ezindaweni zabo ezihlukene (Norden).
Iqembu lesizwe
Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezinhlanga ngokusekelwe ekubukekeni kwabo kanye nesimo sabo senhlalo-mnotho ngaphansi koMthetho Wokubhaliswa Kwabantu owashaywa yi-NP ngemva kokunqoba i-United Party ngo-1994. Ukuze yakhe isisekelo esiqinile sokweseka iqembu layo lezombusazwe, i-NP yajoyina. amabutho nge-Afrikanerbond ne-Het Volk.
Yasungulwa ngo-1918 ukuze ibhekane nezakhiwo eziphansi ezakhiwe yi-British imperialism (Norden) phakathi kwamaBhunu "ngokuwabusa nokubavikela". Kwakungabantu abamhlophe kuphela abajoyina isibopho samaBhunu njengoba babenesithakazelo kuphela ezithakazelweni ezifanayo: ulimi, isiko, nokuzimela kwezombusazwe ngaphansi kwamaNgisi.
IsiBhunu saqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni zaseNingizimu Afrika ngo-1925 yi-Afrikaner bond, eyasungula i-Afrikaanse Taal-en Kultuurvereniging. Futhi, i-NP yaqala ukusekela imisebenzi yamasiko njengamakhonsathi namaqembu entsha ukuze kufakwe amaBhunu ngaphansi kwesibhengezo esisodwa (amaHankins) futhi ibahlanganisele emphakathini wamasiko.
Kwakukhona amaqembu ngaphakathi kweQembu Lesizwe ayesekelwe ekwehlukeni kwesigaba senhlalo-mnotho, kunokuba abe umgwamanda owodwa: amanye amalungu abona ukuthi adinga ukwesekwa okwengeziwe ukuze awine ukhetho lwango-1948.
Ungafunda ngezansi ezinye izindatshana ezivela kuwebhusayithi yethu mahhala,
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- Indatshana Emayelana Nezinjongo Zezemfundo NgesiNgisi
Isizwe samaBhunu
Ngokugqugquzela ubuzwe bobuKristu kubantu baseNingizimu Afrika, iNational Party yakhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zihloniphe kunokuba zesabe ukungezwani kwazo, ngaleyo ndlela bathole amavoti kumaBhunu (Norden). Imibono ingabhekwa njengobandlululo njengoba kungekho ukulingana okwaqashelwa phakathi kwezinhlanga; kunalokho, yayikhuthaza ukulawula isifunda esabelwe abamnyama ngaphandle kokubahlanganisa kwamanye amaqembu.
Ngenxa yobandlululo, abahlali abamnyama nabamhlophe bahlukaniswa ngokwepolitiki nangokwezomnotho. Ngenxa yokuthi abamhlophe babekwazi ukukhokhela izindlu ezingcono, izikole, namathuba okuhamba, ukuhlukaniswa kwaba uhlelo lwezenhlalo nezomnotho oluvuna abamhlophe abacebile (Norden).
Ngokuthola ivoti labantu abangamaBhunu ngo-1948, iNational Party yaqala ukubusa kancane kancane naphezu kokuphikiswa kokuqala kobandlululo. Basungula ngokusemthethweni ubandlululo ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuwina ukhetho, njengomthetho wenhlangano ovumela abamhlophe baseNingizimu Afrika ukuthi babambe iqhaza ekumeleleni kwezepolitiki ngaphandle kwelungelo lokuvota (Hankins).
Ngawo-1950, ngaphansi kukaNdunankulu uDkt. NP, lolu hlobo olunzima lokulawula umphakathi lwaqaliswa. Ngokufaka isiBhunu esikhundleni sesiNgisi ezikoleni nasemahhovisi kahulumeni, uHendrik Verwoerd wahlahla indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lamaBhunu lapho abantu abamhlophe babebungaza ukuhlukana kwabo kunokukufihla (Norden).
Ikhadi likamazisi eliyimpoqo nalo lakhishwa yiNP kwabamnyama zikhathi zonke. Ngenxa yokushoda kwemvume esemthethweni, banqatshelwe ukuphuma endaweni ababeyiqokiwe.
Uhlelo lokulawulwa komphakathi lwenzelwe ukulawula ukuhamba kwabantu abamnyama ngamaphoyisa amhlophe, okwenza abomdabu besabe ukuya ezindaweni ezabelwa ezinye izinhlanga (Norden). Ngenxa yokwenqaba kukaNelson Mandela ukuzithoba ngaphansi kokubuswa ngabamhlophe abambalwa, i-ANC yakhe yaba yingxenye yezinhlangano eziphikisana nobandlululo.
Ngokusungulwa kwe-bantustans, inhlangano yobuzwe yagcina ubumpofu base-Afrika futhi yavimbela ukukhululwa kwayo. Naphezu kokuhlala endaweni empofu yezwe, abantu baseningizimu ye-Afrika kwakudingeka bakhokhe intela kuhulumeni wabamhlophe (i-Norden) ngoba ama-bantustans kwakuyizindawo ezigcinelwe izakhamuzi ezimnyama.
Njengengxenye yemigomo ye-NP, abamnyama nabo bekumele baphathe omazisi. Ngale ndlela amaphoyisa akwazile ukuqapha umnyakazo wabo futhi ababophe uma bengena endaweni ebekelwe omunye umjaho. “Amabutho ezokuphepha” alawula emalokishini lapho abantu abamnyama babebhikishela ukuphathwa kabi kukahulumeni futhi baboshwa noma babulawe.
Ngaphandle kokwenqatshelwa ukumelwa ePhalamende, izakhamuzi ezimnyama zithole izinsiza zemfundo nezokwelapha ezimbalwa kakhulu kunabamhlophe (Hankins). UNelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala weNingizimu Afrika egcwele intando yeningi ngo-1994 ngemuva kokuthi iNP ibusa iNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi sobandlululo kusukela ngo-1948 kuya ku-1994.
Iningi lamalungu e-NP kwakungamaBhunu ayekholelwa ukuthi umbuso wamaNgisi “wacekela phansi” izwe lawo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ngenxa ye-imperialism yamaNgisi (Walsh). Futhi, iNational Party yasebenzisa 'Christian Nationalism' ukuze iwine amaBhunu amavoti ngokuthi ithi uNkulunkulu wadala izinhlanga zomhlaba ngakho-ke kufanele zihlonishwe kunokuba zesatshwe (Norden).
Noma kunjalo, lo mbono wawungabhekwa njengonobandlululo njengoba wawungakuqapheli ukulingana phakathi kwezinhlanga; lamane lathi abansundu kufanele bahlale bezimele phakathi kwezifunda abazabelwe kunokuba bazihlanganise nabanye. Ngenxa yokulawula ngokuphelele kwe-NP ePhalamende, izakhamizi ezimnyama zazingakushayi indiva ubandlululo kodwa zazingenawo amandla okukulungisa.
Ngenxa yombuso wamaNgisi ngemuva kwempi yezwe yokuqala, amaBhunu ayeseseka kakhulu iNational Party. Leli qembu belifuna ukwakha isiko elehlukile lapho abamhlophe bezoba nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhulumeni kuphela. Umdwebi wobandlululo uDkt. Hendrik Verwoerd wakhuthaza ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwabamnyama nabamhlophe ngesikhathi enguNdunankulu phakathi kuka-1948 no-1952.
AbakwaNordic babekholelwa ukuthi ukungezwani kufanele kwamukelwe kunokuba kusatshwe ngoba kunomehluko ongalungiseki lapho iqembu elilodwa liyohlale libusa. Yize uHankins ephakamise ukuthi izakhamizi ezimnyama zihlale ezindaweni zazo kunokuba zihlangane namanye amasiko (amaHankins), wehlulekile ukuqaphela la maqembu 'angenakubuyisana' njengalinganayo.
Ngaphandle kokudinga ukuthi abamnyama baphathe omazisi, iNP yashaya imithetho yokuthi baphathe omazisi. Amaphoyisa akwazile ukuqapha ukunyakaza kwawo kalula ngenxa yalokho. Uma bebanjwa bewela endaweni ekhethelwe olunye uhlanga, babeboshwa.
UNelson Mandela wakhethwa njengomongameli wokuqala omnyama waseNingizimu Afrika (Norden) ngo-April 27, 1994, okuphawula ukuphela kobandlululo. Enkulumeni yakhe ngemuva kokuba ngumengameli, uMandela wakubeka kwacaca ukuthi wayengahlosile ukubukela phansi amaBhunu. Esikhundleni salokho wazama ukuthuthukisa izici ezinhle ngenkathi elungisa “izinto ezingafuneki kangako emlandweni wamaBhunu” (Hendricks).
Uma kukhulunywa ngezono zobandlululo, wayekhuthaza iQiniso nokubuyisana esikhundleni sokuphindisela, evumela zonke izinhlangothi ukuthi zixoxisane ngokwenzeka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukujeziswa noma ukuziphindiselela.
UMandela, owasiza ekudaleni uhulumeni omusha we-ANC ngemva kokuhlulwa okhethweni, akazange ayihlakaze i-NP kodwa kunalokho wakhuthaza ukubuyisana phakathi kwamaBhunu nabangewona amaBhunu ngokuletha isiko lamaBhunu phambili ekubuyisaneni ngokobuhlanga.
Yize beyizinhlanga kodwa abantu baseNingizimu Afrika bakwazile ukubuka imidlalo yebhola lombhoxo bendawonye ngenxa yokuthi lo mdlalo waba yinto ehlanganisa isizwe sonke. Izakhamizi ezimnyama ezazidlala ezemidlalo zibukela umabonakude, futhi zifunda namaphephandaba ngaphandle kokwesaba ukushushiswa kwakuyithemba likaNelson Mandela kubo (Norden).
Ubandlululo lwaqedwa ngo-1948, kodwa amaBhunu awazange aqedwe ngokuphelele. Yize lo mdlalo wezinhlanga ezahlukene ungasho ukuthi iNP ayisabusa izwe, kodwa uletha ithemba ezizukulwaneni zaseNingizimu Afrika ezizayo ukuthi zikwazi ukubuyisana nomlando wazo kunokuhlala ngokwesaba.
Abantu abamnyama baseNingizimu Afrika mancane amathuba okuthi bathathe abamhlophe njengabacindezeli ngenxa yokuthi bagxile kakhulu emasikweni amaBhunu. Uma uMandela esephumile esikhundleni, kuzoba lula ukuthola ukuthula phakathi kwabamnyama nabamhlophe. Ukuhlosa ukwakha ubudlelwano obungcono phakathi kwezinhlanga kubaluleke kakhulu manje kunangaphambili, njengoba uNelson Mandela ezothatha umhlalaphansi ngoJuni 16, 1999.
Ngaphansi kombuso kaNelson Mandela, amaBhunu aphinde azizwa ekhululekile ngesimo sawo emphakathini ngoba uhulumeni wabamhlophe wangeniswa ekhulwini lama-21. UMengameli Jacob Zuma usezophinde aqokelwe esikhundleni esiphezulu eNingizimu Afrika ngo-2009 njengomholi we-ANC (Norden).
Isiphetho,
Njengoba i-NP yayinamandla amaningi ngokwesekwa abavoti bamaBhunu, ikwazile ukulawula iPhalamende laze lahlulwa okhethweni; ngakho-ke, abamhlophe babekhathazekile ngokuthi ukuvotela elinye iqembu kwakuzoholela ekutholeni amandla engeziwe kwabamnyama, okwakuzoholela ekulahlekelweni yilungelo labamhlophe ngenxa yezinhlelo zokuthi bavotele elinye iqembu.