Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus ngamagama ayi-100
I-Indus Valley Civilization, enye yemiphakathi yasemadolobheni yakudala emhlabeni, yachuma cishe ngo-2500 BCE ezweni lanamuhla eliyiPakistan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya. Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwale mpucuko yasendulo kwakuthuthuke ngokuphawulekayo ngesikhathi sakhona. Amadolobha ayehlelwe kahle futhi ahlelwa kahle, anemigwaqo eyakhiwe kahle nenakekelwa kahle, imigudu yokukhipha amanzi, nezakhiwo. Amadolobha ahlukaniswe abe imikhakha ehlukene, enezindawo zokuhlala nezokuhwebelana ezihlukile. Idolobha ngalinye lalinenqaba enezivikelo eziqinile enkabeni yalo, lizungezwe izindawo zokuhlala nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kubonise izinga labo eliphezulu lenhlangano yezenhlalo kanye nokuqonda okujulile kokuphila kwasemadolobheni. Le mpucuko yasendulo iwubufakazi bobuhlakani nokubona kusengaphambili kwabantu bayo ekudaleni izindawo zasemadolobheni ezisebenzayo nezisimeme.
Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus ngamagama ayi-200
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kwakuthuthuke ngokuphawulekayo futhi ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakho. Ibonise amakhono ahlakaniphile okuhlela nobunjiniyela bezakhamuzi, igqamisa ukuqonda kwabo ingqalasizinda yasemadolobheni.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuhlelwa kwedolobha kwakuwukuhlelwa kwamadolobha. Amadolobha akhiwe ngendlela yamagridi, imigwaqo nezakhiwo zihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile. Imigwaqo emikhulu yayibanzi futhi ixhumene nezindawo ezahlukene zedolobha, yenza kube lula ukuhamba kwabantu nezimpahla. Imizila emincane yayisuka emigwaqweni emikhulu, inikeze ukufinyelela ezindaweni zokuhlala.
Amadolobhakazi nawo abe nohlelo lokuphatha amanzi olusebenzayo, olunemigudu ehlelwe kahle yokukhipha amanzi. Lezi zindlu bezinezindlu zokugezela ezizimele kanye nezinhlelo zokuphakela amanzi. Imigwaqo emikhulu yayinezindlu ezakhiwe kahle ezakhiwe ngezitini ezilinganiselwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadolobha ayeziqhenya ngezakhiwo zomphakathi nezinsizakusebenza eziklanywe kahle. Izakhiwo ezinkulu okukholakala ukuthi zingamabhavu omphakathi zaphakamisa ukuba khona kohlelo lwezempilo lomphakathi. Izitodlwana, izindawo zokugcina, kanye nezimakethe zazibekwe ngendlela efanelekile, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zifinyeleleka kalula.
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha okuthuthukisiwe kwe-Indus Valley Civilization akubonisi nje kuphela inhlangano yezenhlalo nezomnotho kodwa futhi kukhombisa izinga lobuchwephesha nokuthuthukiswa kwedolobha okuzuzwe abantu bakhona. Isebenza njengobufakazi bobuhlakani nobuhlakani bezakhamuzi zale mpucuko yasendulo.
Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus 250
I-Indus Valley Civilization ingesinye sezimpucuko zasemadolobheni ezindala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo emhlabeni, esukela cishe kuma-2500 BCE. Esinye sezici zayo eziphawuleka kakhulu kwakuwuhlelo lwayo lokuhlela idolobha oluthuthukisiwe. Amadolobha ale mpucuko ayeklanywe ngokucophelela futhi ahlelwa, ebonisa izinga elimangalisayo lokuhlela amadolobha.
Amadolobhana e-Indus Valley Civilization abekwe ngokucophelela ohlelweni lwegridi, enemigwaqo nemizila ephambana ngama-engeli angakwesokudla. Amadolobha ayehlukaniswa aba imikhakha ehlukene, ehlukanisa ngokusobala izindawo zokuhlala, ezohwebo nezokuphatha. Idolobha ngalinye lalinesimiso sokudonsa amanzi esihlelwe kahle, esinemisele eyakhiwe kahle evalekile ehamba eceleni kwemigwaqo.
Izakhiwo ezakhiwe kahle ze-Indus Valley Civilization zazenziwe kakhulu ngezitini ezishisiwe, ezabekwa ngendlela ehlelekile. Lezi zakhiwo zaziyizitezi eziningi, ezinye zifinyelela ezitezi ezintathu ukuphakama. Lezi zindlu zazinamagceke angasese futhi zazifakwe nemithombo yangasese nezindlu zokugeza, okwakubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuphila.
Izikhungo zedolobha zazihlotshiswe ngezakhiwo zomphakathi ezihlaba umxhwele, njengeGreat Bath e-Mohenjo-daro, okwakuyithange elikhulu lamanzi elalisetshenziselwa ukugeza. Ukuba khona kwezinqolobane kula madolobha kusikisela uhlelo oluhlelekile lwezolimo nokugcinwa kwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwatholakala nemithombo eminingi yomphakathi kuwo wonke amadolobha, enikeza izakhamuzi amanzi angashintshi.
Sengiphetha, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kubonise izinga eliphezulu lobuchule nokuhleleka. Isakhiwo esifana negridi, izakhiwo ezakhiwe kahle, isistimu yokukhipha amanzi ngendlela efanele, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza kubonise ukuqonda okuthuthukile kwempucuko yokuhlela amadolobha. Izinsalela zala madolobha zinikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ezimpilweni namasiko abantu ababephila phakathi nale mpucuko yasendulo.
Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus ngamagama ayi-300
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobhana kwe-Indus Valley Civilization, esukela cishe kuma-2600 BCE, kwamukelwa kabanzi njengesibonelo esivelele sokuhlela amadolobha kwasekuqaleni. Ngezinhlelo zawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuthuthwa kwamanzi, ingqalasizinda eyinkimbinkimbi, nezakhiwo ezihlelwe kahle, amadolobha ase-Indus Valley ashiye ifa elihlala njalo emkhakheni wezokwakha nokuklama amadolobha.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuhlelwa kwedolobha e-Indus Valley Civilization kwaba ukunaka kwayo ngokucophelela ukuphathwa kwamanzi. Amadolobha ayesendaweni ekahle eduze nemifula ehlala isikhathi eside, njengoMfula i-Indus, owawunikeza izakhamuzi amanzi anokwethenjelwa ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zazo zansuku zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, idolobha ngalinye lalinoxhaxha oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinhlelo zokudonsa amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba kanye nezindawo zokugeza zomphakathi, okugcizelela indima ebalulekile eyadlalwa amanzi ekuphileni kwawo kwansuku zonke.
Amadolobha aseSigodini sase-Indus nawo aklanywa ngendlela ecacile nehlelekile engqondweni. Imigwaqo nemihubhe kwandlalwa ngephethini yegridi, ekhombisa izinga eliphezulu lokuhlela amadolobha. Izindlu zazakhiwe ngezitini ezibhakiwe futhi ngokuvamile zazihlanganisa nezindaba eziningi, ezibonisa ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemiklamo yesakhiwo kanye namasu okwakha.
Ngaphezu kwezindawo zokuhlala, amadolobha anezindawo zezentengiselwano ezichazwe kahle. Lezi zindawo zaziqukethe izimakethe nezitolo, ezigcizelela imisebenzi yezomnotho nohwebo olwaluchuma ngaphakathi kwe-Indus Valley Civilization. Ukuba khona kwezinqolobane kuphakamise uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokugcinwa kokudla okunqwabelene, okubonisa ikhono lempucuko lokuqinisekisa ukutholakala kokudla okuzinzile kubantu bakhona.
Esinye isici esiphawulekayo sokuhlelwa kwedolobha lase-Indus Valley kwaba ukugcizelela kwalo ezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nezinsiza zomphakathi. Izikwele ezivulekile namagceke ahlanganiswe nendwangu yasemadolobheni, asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlangana zomphakathi kanye nezindawo zemisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Imithombo yomphakathi nezindlu zangasese nazo beziyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba, okugqamisa ukuqwashisa kwempucuko ngokubaluleka kwenhlanzeko nokuthuthwa kwendle.
Sengiphetha, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kwabonakala ngokunaka kwayo ukuphathwa kwamanzi, izakhiwo ezifana negridi, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zomphakathi nezinsiza. Impucuko yabonisa amasu athuthukile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ingqalasizinda, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha ayengaphambi kwesikhathi sawo. Ifa lokuhlelwa kwedolobha layo lisengabonwa nanamuhla, libonisa ubuhlakani obusha nobuhlakani be-Indus Valley Civilization.
Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus ngamagama ayi-400
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kwakungenye yezimpumelelo eziphawuleka kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhona. Ngamasu athuthukile okuhlela amadolobha, impucuko yakha amadolobha anesakhiwo esihle futhi ahlelekile ayebukeka kahle futhi esebenza kahle. Le ndatshana izocubungula izici ezahlukahlukene zokuhlela idolobha e-Indus Valley Civilization.
Esinye sezici ezicacile zokuhlela amadolobha abo kwakuwukuhleleka kwamadolobha abo. Amadolobha akhiwa kusetshenziswa iphethini yegridi, enemigwaqo nezakhiwo ezihlelwe ngendlela enembile. Imigwaqo emikhulu yayibanzi futhi iphambanayo ema-engeli angakwesokudla, yakha amabhlogo acocekile. Lesi sakhiwo esihlelekile sibonise ubuchwepheshe babo ekuhleleni amadolobha kanye nolwazi lwezibalo olumangalisayo.
Amadolobha aphinde afakelwe isimiso sokudonsa amanzi esisebenza kahle. I-Indus Valley Civilization yayinesistimu yokukhucululwa kwendle engaphansi komhlaba ethuthuke kahle, enemisele egeleza ngaphansi kwemigwaqo. Zazenziwe ngezitini ezibhakiwe, zahlanganiswa ukuze zenze isimiso esingangenisi amanzi. Lokhu kwasiza ekulahlweni kahle kwemfucuza nokukhucululwa kwendle, okwakungaphambi kwesikhathi sakho.
Ngaphandle kwesimiso sokuthuthwa kwamanzi, amadolobha ayenawo okugeza omphakathi. Lezi zindawo zokugeza ezinkulu zazikhona cishe kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu, okubonisa ukubaluleka okunikezwe inhlanzeko nenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu. Ukuba khona kwalezi zikhungo kusikisela ukuthi abantu base-Indus Valley Civilization babenokuqonda okujulile ngempilo yomphakathi kanye nokuhlanzeka.
Amadolobha aphinde acetshiswa yizindlu ezinhle nezihlelwe kahle. Bekunezindawo zokuhlala ezihlukene zamaqembu omphakathi ahlukene. Izindlu zaziklanywe ngokucabangela izidingo zomuntu ngamunye futhi zazakhiwe ngezitini ezishile. Ukuhlelwa kwalezi zindlu kwakuvame ukuba namagceke kanye nemihubhe, okuhlinzeka indawo yokuhlala evulekile nexhumene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhluka kokuhlelwa kwedolobha lase-Indus Valley nakho kubonakala ebukhoneni bezinqaba ngaphakathi kwamadolobha. Lezi zindawo ezinezivikelo eziqinile bekukholelwa ukuthi ziyizikhungo zokuphatha futhi zisebenza njengophawu lwamandla negunya. Bethule ukwakheka okuhlukile nesakhiwo, begcizelela ukwakheka kwesigaba sempucuko.
Sengiphetha, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kwakuwumbukiso oyisibonelo wamasu abo okuhlela amadolobha athuthukile. Njengoba inamadolobha akhiwe kahle, izimiso zokuthuthwa kwamanzi ezisebenza kahle, izakhiwo ezintsha zezindlu, nezinqaba ezimangalisayo, impucuko yabonisa ukuqonda kwayo okujulile ngokufudukela emadolobheni. Ifa lokuhlelwa kwedolobha labo liyaqhubeka nokubamangaza abacwaningi futhi lisebenza njengesikhuthazo kubahleli bedolobha besimanje.
Indatshana Emayelana Nokuhlelwa Kwedolobha Kwempucuko Yesigodi sase-Indus ngamagama ayi-500
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kumi njengesibonelo esimangalisayo sokuhleleka kwamadolobha kanye nobunyoninco bezakhiwo. Kusukela cishe ngo-2500 BCE, le mpucuko yasendulo, eyachuma endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPakistan nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya, yashiya ifa elibonakala ngamadolobha ayo abekwe kahle nengqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe.
Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu zokuhlelwa kwedolobha e-Indus Valley Civilization kwaba ukuma okujwayelekile nokufana negridi kwamadolobha akhona. Izikhungo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, njenge-Mohenjo-daro ne-Harappa, zakhiwe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwegridi yokulinganisa olunembile. Lawa madolobha ahlukaniswe imikhakha eyahlukene, umkhakha ngamunye uhlanganisa izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, imigwaqo kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.
Imigwaqo yasemadolobheni ase-Indus Valley yahlelwa futhi yakhiwa ngokucophelela, kugcizelela ukuxhumana, ukukhucululwa kwendle, nokusebenza kahle kukonke. Zazendlalwe ngephethini yegridi, ziphambana ngama-engeli angakwesokudla, okubonisa izinga eliphezulu lokuhlela amadolobha. Imigwaqo ibibanzi futhi inakekelwe kahle, ivumela ukuhamba kahle kwakho kokubili abahamba ngezinyawo nakwezimoto. Inethiwekhi yemigwaqo ehlelwe kahle iphinde yanikeza ukufinyelela okulula ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zedolobha, okuholela ekuthuthweni okuphumelelayo nokuxhumana.
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo sokuhlelwa kwedolobha e-Indus Valley Civilization kwakuyizinhlelo zabo ezithuthukisiwe zokuphatha amanzi. Idolobha ngalinye lalinomshini wokudonsa amanzi oyinkimbinkimbi, owawuhlanganisa imisele eyakhiwe kahle enezitini kanye nemisele engaphansi komhlaba. Lamapayipi aqoqwe kahle futhi alahlwa amanzi angcolile, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanzeka kanye nenhlanzeko phakathi kwezikhungo zasemadolobheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadolobha anemithombo eminingi namabhati omphakathi, okubonisa ukubaluleka okunikezwe ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile nokugcina izinqubo zokukhucululwa kwendle ezifanele izakhamuzi.
Amadolobha ase-Indus Valley nawo abonakala ngezakhiwo zawo ezihlaba umxhwele, egcizelela ukuhlela nokusebenza. Izakhiwo zazakhiwe kusetshenziswa izitini zodaka ezinosayizi ofanayo, ezazinokwakheka nobukhulu obufanayo. Izindlu ngokuvamile zaziyizitezi ezimbili noma ezintathu ukuphakama, ezinophahla oluyisicaba namakamelo amaningi. Indlu ngayinye yayinomthombo wayo wangasese kanye negumbi lokugezela elinesistimu yokudonsa amanzi exhunyiwe, ebonisa izinga eliphezulu lokucabangela ukunethezeka komuntu ngamunye kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle.
Amadolobha e-Indus Valley Civilization ayengezona nje ezokuhlala kuphela kodwa futhi ahlanganisa izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi nezokuphatha. Kwakhiwa izinqolobane ezinkulu ukuze kugcinwe ukudla okwakusele, okubonisa uhlelo lwezolimo oluhlelwe kahle. Izakhiwo zomphakathi, ezifana ne-Great Bath yase-Mohenjo-daro, nazo zaziyizakhiwo ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwamadolobha. Leli thange lamanzi elihlaba umxhwele laliklanywe ngobunyoninco, linezitebhisi eziya endaweni yokugeza, futhi cishe lalisetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo nezenhlalo.
Ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kubuye kwakhombisa ukuhlelwa kwenhlalo kanye nobuholi. Ukuhlelwa kwamadolobha kuphakamisa ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwezindawo zokuhlala nezokuhweba. Izindawo zokuhlala ngokuvamile zazitholakala engxenyeni esempumalanga yamadolobha, kanti ingxenye esentshonalanga yayinezimboni zezohwebo nezokuphatha. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezikhala kugqamisa ukuhleleka kwempucuko kanye nokubaluleka okunikezwe ekugcineni ukuhleleka komphakathi.
Sengiphetha, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwe-Indus Valley Civilization kwakuwubufakazi bamakhono abo athuthukile okwakha nokuhlela amadolobha. Amadolobha abekwe kahle, anezakhiwo zawo ezifana negridi, amasistimu okukhipha amanzi asebenzayo, nokucabangela inhlanzeko nokunethezeka, abonise ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhleleka kwedolobha. I-Indus Valley Civilization ishiye ifa elimangalisayo eliqhubeka nokugqugquzela futhi limangaze izazi nabavubukuli ngokufanayo.