Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko kuMazwi ali-100
Impucuko yase-Indus Valley, yenye yezona ndawo ziphambili ezidolophini emhlabeni, yakhula malunga nowama-2500 BCE kule mihla yasePakistan nakumntla-ntshona weIndiya. Ucwangciso lwedolophu lwale mpucuko yamandulo lwaluhambele phambili ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha layo. Izixeko zazicetywe kakuhle zaza zacwangciswa kakuhle, zineendlela ezakhiwe kakuhle nezilungiswe kakuhle, imijelo yokuhambisa amanzi nezakhiwo. Izixeko zahlulwa zaba ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, aneendawo zokuhlala nezorhwebo. Isixeko ngasinye sasinenqaba enqatyisiweyo embindini waso, sijikelezwe ziindawo zokuhlala nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. Ucwangciso lwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization lubonise inqanaba labo eliphezulu lombutho wentlalo kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kokuhlala ezidolophini. Le mpucuko yamandulo ibubungqina bobuchule kunye nokubona kwangaphambili abantu bayo ekudaleni iindawo zasedolophini ezisebenzayo nezizinzileyo.
Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko kuMazwi ali-200
Ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization yayihambele phambili ngokumangalisayo kwaye yayiphambi kwexesha layo. Ibonise ucwangciso oluchubekileyo kunye nezakhono zobunjineli zabahlali, iqaqambisa ukuqonda kwabo iziseko zophuhliso ezidolophini.
Enye inkalo ephambili yocwangciso lwedolophu yayibume bezixeko. Izixeko zakhiwe ngendlela yothungelwano, izitrato nezakhiwo zilungelelaniswe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Iindlela ezinkulu zazibanzi kwaye zidibanisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko, ziququzelela ukuhamba lula kwabantu kunye nempahla. Iindlela ezincinci zisuka kwizitrato ezikhulu, zibonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala.
Izixeko nazo zinenkqubo yolawulo lwamanzi esebenzayo, enothungelwano olucwangciswe kakuhle lokuhambisa amanzi. Ezi zindlu zazinamagumbi okuhlambela abucala kunye nenkqubo yokubonelela ngamanzi. Izitrato ezinkulu zazinezindlu ezakhiwe kakuhle ezakhiwe ngezitena eziqhelekileyo.
Ukongezelela, izixeko zaziqhayisa ngezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke eziyilwe kakuhle nezinto eziluncedo. Izakhiwo ezikhulu ekukholelwa ukuba ziibhafu zoluntu zacebisa ubukho benkqubo yezempilo yoluntu. Amathafa, iindawo zokugcina, kunye neendawo zentengiso zazibekwe ngobuchule, ziqinisekisa ukuba abahlali bafikeleleka lula.
Ucwangciso oluphambili lwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko ayibonisi nje kuphela intlangano yentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho kodwa iphinda ibonise inqanaba lobuchwephesha kunye nophuhliso lwedolophu oluphunyezwe ngabantu bayo. Isebenza njengobungqina bobuchule kunye nobuchule babemi bale mpucuko yamandulo.
Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu yeIndus Valley Impucuko 250 Amagama
Impucuko yase-Indus Valley yenye yezona mpucuko zakudala zasezidolophini emhlabeni, ezisukela malunga ne-2500 BCE. Enye yezona nkalo zibalaseleyo yayiyinkqubo yayo yocwangciso lwedolophu. Izixeko zale mpucuko zaziyilwe ngononophelo zaza zacwangciswa, nto leyo ebonisa inqanaba elimangalisayo locwangciso lwedolophu.
Iidolophu ze-Indus Valley Civilization zandlalwe ngobuchule kwinkqubo yegridi, kunye nezitrato kunye neendlela ezidibana kwii-engile ezichanekileyo. Izixeko zazahlulahlulwe zaba ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ngokucacileyo imida yeendawo zokuhlala, ezorhwebo, neyolawulo. Isixeko ngasinye sasinenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ecetywe kakuhle, enemijelo yamanzi eyakhiwe kakuhle ehamba ecaleni kwezitrato.
Izakhiwo ezakhiwe kakuhle zempucuko ye-Indus Valley ubukhulu becala zenziwe ngezitena ezitshisiweyo, ezibekwe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Ezi zakhiwo zazinemigangatho emininzi, ezinye zifikelela kwimigangatho emithathu ukuphakama. Ezi zindlu zazineentendelezo yaye zazide zixhotywe ngamaqula namagumbi okuhlambela, nto leyo eyayibonisa umgangatho wokuphila ophakamileyo.
Umbindi wesixeko wawuhonjiswe ngezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezinomtsalane, ezifana neBhafu enkulu eMohenjo-daro, eyayiyitanki enkulu yamanzi eyayisetyenziselwa ukuhlamba. Ubukho bamathala kwezi zixeko bucebisa inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yezolimo nokugcinwa kwayo. Ukongeza, amaqula amaninzi kawonke-wonke aye afunyanwa kuzo zonke izixeko, ebonelela ngamanzi alinganayo kubemi.
Ekugqibeleni, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization kubonise umgangatho ophezulu wobuchule kunye nombutho. Uyilo olufana negridi, izakhiwo ezakhiwe kakuhle, isixokelelwano sokuthuthwa kwamanzi esisebenzayo, kunye nobonelelo lwezinto eziluncedo lubonise impucuko yokuqonda okuphambili kwesicwangciso sedolophu. Iintsalela zezi zixeko zibonelela ngeembono ezixabisekileyo kubomi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu ababephila ngexesha lempucuko yakudala.
Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko kuMazwi ali-300
Ucwangciso lwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko, eyaqala malunga ne-2600 BCE, yamkelwa ngokubanzi njengomzekelo obalaseleyo wokucwangciswa kwedolophu kwasekuqaleni. Ngeenkqubo zazo ezicokisekileyo zokuhambisa amanzi, iziseko zophuhliso eziphucukileyo, kunye nezakhiwo ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle, izixeko ze-Indus Valley zishiye ilifa elihlala lihleli kulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo kunye noyilo lwedolophu.
Olunye uphawu oluphambili lokucwangciswa kwedolophu kwi-Indus Valley Civilization yayiyingqalelo yayo yobuchule kulawulo lwamanzi. Izixeko zazimi kufutshane nemilambo ehlala ihleli, njengoMlambo i-Indus, owawunika abemi balapho amanzi anokuthenjwa ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno zabo zemihla ngemihla. Ngaphaya koko, isixeko ngasinye sasinothungelwano oluntsonkothileyo lwenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kunye neebhafu zoluntu, nto leyo eyayigxininisa indima ebalulekileyo edlalwe ngamanzi kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.
Izixeko ezikwi-Indus Valley nazo zaziyilwe ngendlela ecacileyo nolungelelwaniso engqondweni. Izitalato kunye ne-alleyways zandlalwe kwipatheni yegridi, ebonisa umgangatho ophezulu wocwangciso lwedolophu. Izindlu zazakhiwe ngezitena ezitshisiweyo kwaye zihlala zibandakanya amabali amaninzi, ebonisa ukuqonda okunzulu koyilo lwesakhiwo kunye nobuchule bokwakha.
Ngaphandle kweendawo zokuhlala, izixeko zazinezithili zorhwebo ezichazwe kakuhle. Ezi ndawo ziqulethe iimarike kunye neevenkile, zigxininisa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye norhwebo oluye lwakhula ngaphakathi kwe-Indus Valley Civilization. Ubukho beendawo zokugcina ukutya bucebise ukuba kubekho inkqubo ephucukileyo yokugcina ukutya okungaphezulu, nto leyo ebonisa amandla empucuko okuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ukutya okuzinzile kubemi bayo.
Omnye umba ophawulekayo wocwangciso lwedolophu yase-Indus Valley yayikugxininiso lwayo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu. Izikwere ezivulekileyo kunye neentendelezo zadityaniswa kwilaphu yasezidolophini, zisebenza njengendawo yokuhlanganisana kunye neendawo zokwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Amaqula nezindlu zangasese zikawonke-wonke nazo zaziyinto eqhelekileyo, nto leyo eyayibonisa ulwazi lwempucuko ngokubaluleka kococeko nogutyulo.
Ukuqukumbela, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization kwaphawulwa ingqwalasela yayo kulawulo lwamanzi, ukucwangciswa okufana negridi, kunye nokubonelela ngeendawo zoluntu kunye nezibonelelo. Impucuko yabonisa ubuchule obuphambili bokwakha, izakhiwo, kunye noyilo lwasezidolophini olwaluphambi kwexesha labo. Ilifa lokucwangciswa kwedolophu yalo lisenokujongwa nanamhla, libonisa ukutsha kunye nobuchule be-Indus Valley Civilization.
Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko kuMazwi ali-400
Ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization yayiyenye yezona mpumelelo zibalaseleyo ngexesha layo. Ngobuchule obuphambili bokucwangcisa idolophu, impucuko yenza izixeko ezilungelelaniswe kakuhle nezilungelelanisiweyo ezo zombini zazintle kwaye zisebenza. Esi sincoko siya kungena kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zocwangciso lwedolophu kwi-Indus Valley Civilization.
Enye yezinto ezazibalasele kucwangciso lweedolophu zabo yayikukuma kwezixeko zabo. Izixeko zazakhiwe kusetyenziswa ipateni yegridi, ezinezitrato nezakhiwo ezicwangciswe ngendlela echanileyo. Izitrato ezikhulu zazibanzi yaye zidibana kwiikona ezisekunene, zisenza iibhloko ezicocekileyo. Olu yilo lucwangcisiweyo lubonise ubuchule babo kucwangciso lwedolophu kunye nolwazi olumangalisayo lwemathematika.
Izixeko zazikwaxhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi esemgangathweni. I-Indus Valley Civilization yayinenkqubo yogutyulo ephantsi komhlaba ephuhliswe kakuhle, enemibhobho ehamba ngaphantsi kwezitrato. Zazenziwe ngezitena ezitshisiweyo, zadityaniswa ukuze zenze inkqubo yokungangeni kwamanzi. Oku kwanceda ekulahlweni kakuhle kwenkunkuma nogutyulo, nto leyo eyayingaphambi kwexesha layo.
Ukongezelela kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, izixeko zazikwaneendawo zokuhlambela zikawonke-wonke. Ezi ndawo zokuhlambela zikhulu zazikho phantse kuzo zonke izixeko ezikhulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kococeko nococeko lobuqu. Ubukho bezi zibonelelo bubonisa ukuba abantu base-Indus Valley Civilization babenokuqonda okucokisekileyo malunga nempilo yoluntu kunye nokucoceka.
Ezi dolophu zaphuculwa ngakumbi zizakhiwo zezindlu ezintle nezicetywe kakuhle. Kwakukho iindawo zokuhlala ezahlukeneyo zamaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu. Ezi zindlu zayilwa ngokuqwalasela iimfuno zomntu ngamnye kwaye zazakhiwe ngezitena ezitshileyo. Uyilo lwezi zindlu luhlala lubonisa iintendelezo kunye neendledlana, ezibonelela ngeendawo zokuhlala ezivulekileyo nezidibeneyo.
Ngaphaya koko, ukwahluka kokucwangciswa kwedolophu yase-Indus Valley kukwabonakaliswa kubukho bezakhiwo ezidolophini. Ezi ndawo zinqatyisiweyo kwakukholelwa ukuba ngamaziko olawulo kwaye zisebenza njengophawu lwamandla negunya. Babonise uyilo kunye noyilo olwahlukileyo, begxininisa ubume bemigangatho yempucuko.
Ukuqukumbela, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko yayingumzekelo wokubonisa ubuchule babo bokucwangcisa idolophu. Ekubeni izixeko ezakhiwe kakuhle, imijelo yamanzi esemgangathweni, izindlu ezintsha, neenqaba ezimangalisayo, impucuko yabonisa ukuba ikuqonda kakuhle ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini. Ilifa lokucwangciswa kwedolophu yabo liyaqhubeka ukothusa abaphandi kwaye lisebenza njengenkuthazo kubacwangcisi besixeko bale mihla.
Isincoko kuCwangciso lweDolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko kuMazwi ali-500
Ucwangciso lwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Civilization lumi njengomzekelo omangalisayo wolungelelwaniso lwasezidolophini kunye nobunzulu bokwakha. Ukusukela emva malunga nowama-2500 BCE, le mpucuko yakudala, neyayiphumelela kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiPakistan nakumntla-ntshona weIndiya, yashiya ngasemva ilifa eliphawulwa zizixeko zayo ezibekwe kakuhle kunye neziseko ezingundoqo.
Omnye weyona miba ibalaseleyo yokucwangciswa kwedolophu kwi-Indus Valley Civilization yayikukumiswa okusemgangathweni kunye negridi yezixeko zayo. Amaziko amakhulu asezidolophini, afana ne-Mohenjo-daro kunye ne-Harappa, akhiwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokulinganisa igridi echanekileyo. Ezi zixeko zahlulwa zaba ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, icandelo ngalinye libandakanya izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, izitalato, kunye neendawo zikawonke-wonke.
Izitrato zezixeko zase-Indus Valley zacwangciswa ngononophelo kwaye zakhiwa, kugxininiswa ukunxibelelana, ucoceko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Zaye zibekwe kwipatheni yegridi, zidibanisa kwii-angles ezichanekileyo, ezibonisa inqanaba eliphezulu lokucwangciswa kwedolophu. Izitrato zazibanzi kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle, zivumela ukuhamba kakuhle kwabahambi ngeenyawo kunye nezithuthi. Uthungelwano lwesitrato olucwangciswe kakuhle lukwabonelele ngokufikelela lula kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zesixeko, nto leyo eyakhokelela kuthutho olufanelekileyo nonxibelelwano.
Omnye umba onomdla wokucwangciswa kwedolophu kwi-Indus Valley Civilization yayizinkqubo zabo zolawulo lwamanzi eziphambili. Isixeko ngasinye sasinenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi ephucukileyo, eyayinemijelo eyakhiwe kakuhle enezitena nemijelo engaphantsi komhlaba. Le mibhobho iqokelelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ilahlwe amanzi amdaka, iqinisekisa ucoceko kunye nococeko phakathi kwamaziko asedolophini. Ukongezelela, ezi zixeko zazinamaqula amaninzi neebhafu zikawonke-wonke, nto leyo ebonisa ukubaluleka kokunikezelwa kwamanzi acocekileyo nokugcina ugutyulo olufanelekileyo lwabahlali.
Izixeko ze-Indus Valley nazo zaphawulwa ngobuchule bazo bokwakha obunomtsalane, kugxininiswa kucwangciso kunye nokusebenza. Izakhiwo zakhiwa kusetyenziswa izitena zodaka ezilinganayo, ezazifana ngokumila nobukhulu. Izindlu zazihlala zinemigangatho emibini okanye emithathu ukuphakama, ezinophahla olusicaba kunye namagumbi amaninzi. Indlu nganye yayinequla layo labucala kunye negumbi lokuhlambela elinenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi edityanisiweyo, ebonisa inqanaba eliphezulu lokuqwalaselwa kwentuthuzelo kunye nococeko lomntu ngamnye.
Izixeko ze-Indus Valley Impucuko yayingeyondawo yokuhlala kuphela kodwa yayinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zoluntu nezolawulo. Kwakhiwa oovimba abakhulu bokugcina ukutya okwaneleyo, nto leyo ebonisa inkqubo yezolimo elungelelaniswe kakuhle. Izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana ne-Great Bath yase-Mohenjo-daro, zazikwazakhiwo ezibalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwezixeko. Eli tanki lamanzi linomtsalane laliyilwe ngobuchule, linezinyuko ezikhokelela kwindawo yokuhlambela, yaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba lalisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo nezentlalo.
Ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko ikwabonakalisa umbutho wentlalo kunye nolawulo lwemigangatho. Ubume bezixeko bucebisa ukwahlulwa okucacileyo kweendawo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo. Iindawo zokuhlala beziqhele ukufumaneka kwimpuma yedolophu, ngelixa intshona igcina icandelo lezorhwebo kunye nolawulo. Olu lwahlulo lweendawo lugxininisa ubume obulungelelanisiweyo bempucuko kunye nokubaluleka okunikezelwa ekugcineni ucwangco lwentlalo.
Ukuqukumbela, ukucwangciswa kwedolophu ye-Indus Valley Impucuko yayibubungqina bezakhono zabo eziphambili zokwakha kunye nokucwangcisa idolophu. Izixeko ezibekwe kakuhle, kunye nezakhiwo zazo ezifana negridi, iinkqubo ezisebenzayo zokuhambisa amanzi, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kococeko kunye nokuthuthuzela, zibonise ukuqonda okunzulu kwentlangano yedolophu. Impucuko yase-Indus Valley ishiye ngasemva ilifa elimangalisayo eliqhubeka likhuthaza kwaye limangalisa abaphengululi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala ngokufanayo.